Capital Punishment :: essays research papers

The death penalty Proposal One: on a basic level a case can be made on moral grounds both supporting and contradicting the death penalty. Postulation two: Concretely and by and by, convincing contentions against capital discipline can be made based on its genuine organization in our general public. Two unique cases can be made. One depends on equity and the idea of a moral network. This prompts a safeguard of the death penalty. The second is in light of adoration and the idea of a perfect profound network. This prompts a dismissal of the death penalty. Equity AND THE NATURE OF MORAL COMMUNITY A focal guideline of a fair society is that each individual has an equivalent right to "life, freedom, and the quest for happiness." Within that system, an contention for the death penalty can be detailed along the accompanying lines: a few demonstrations are so despicable thus dangerous of network that they negate the right of the culprit to participation and even to life. A people group established on moral standards has certain prerequisites. The option to have a place with a network is not unqualified. The benefit of living and seeking after easy street in the public eye isn't supreme. It might be nullified by conduct that sabotages the idea of a moral network. The fundamental premise on which network is manufactured requires each resident to respect the legitimate cases of others. The articulate and conscious refusal of life and chance to others relinquishes ones own case to proceeded participation in the network, whose measures have been so blatantly damaged. The protection of good network requests that the breaking of the establishment of its reality must be taken with most extreme earnestness. The value of life in an ethical network must be so exceptionally regarded that those who don't respect the life of others make invalid and void their own entitlement to enrollment. The individuals who abuse the personhood of others, particularly if this is done determinedly as a propensity must take care of a definitive punishment. This discipline must be delivered for keeping up the network whose establishment has been abused. We can discuss whether some non-deadly option is a fitting substitute for capital punishment. However, the standard of judgment is whether the discipline fits the wrongdoing and adequately respects the idea of good network. LOVE AND AN IDEAL SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY Agape, Christian love, is unequivocal. It doesn't rely upon the value or value of those to whom it is coordinated. It is tireless in looking to benefit others whether or not they give back in kind or even have the right to be dealt with well based on their own perpetual bad behavior.

Coffee and Key Potential Group free essay sample

Starbucks †Going worldwide quick: Case study Recognize the controllable and wild components that Starbucks has experienced in entering worldwide markets. Wild components The wild components that Starbucks has experienced in its entrance to worldwide markets are: unpredictability of market, decay utilization of more youthful age, and rising dairy costs. Instability of market Starbucks is intensely dependent on the gracefully and on the costs of espresso. In spite of the fact that Starbucks has flexibly concurrences with providers ahead of time, the organization could at present face issues because of fluctuating espresso costs. Different variables, for example, climate and financial conditions in espresso creating nations, likewise influence Starbucks tasks. Decay utilization of youthful grown-ups. The 20-multi year-mature age gathering of espresso utilization is diminishing now, and this gathering inclines toward different beverages, for example, soda pops. These youthful grown-ups will be the key potential gathering for Starbucks future market. The declining utilization of this gathering will carry further issues to the companys future turn of events (The market for hot beverages, 2004). We will compose a custom paper test on Espresso and Key Potential Group or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Rising dairy costs. As indicated by Starbucks record, dairy costs rose about 40% year on year and this may influence the companys cost of products. Milk and other dairy items represent around 3% and 5% of companys deal. Presently Starbucks may do its first methodical value ascend on refreshments in the following four years. Since the costs of Starbucks items are more costly than other comparative items, further value rising may influence the companys tasks so the organization may lose a few clients. The controllable components that Starbucks has experienced in its entrance to worldwide markets are: solid rivalry and work issues.

Causes and Spread of infection

Causes and Spread of contamination Result 1 †Understand the reasons for disease 1:1 Identify the contrasts between microscopic organisms, infections, growths and parasites The contrasts between microbes, infections, growths and parasites are; Parasites have cell dividers made up of chitin (found in external skeleton of creepy crawlies, shrimps and lobsters †likewise utilized in recuperating specialists). Growths and parasites are multi cell (Ref: www.euchis.org) Infections are not living, they are just made of complex proteins and atomic acids Microscopic organisms are unicellular small scale creatures Parasites and microscopic organisms are creatures (Microscopic organisms, growths and parasites are living creatures) (Dundas Welsby 2002, pp99-106) 1:2 Identify normal sicknesses and diseases brought about by microscopic organisms, infections, growths and parasites Normal sicknesses and diseases brought about by microscopic organisms, infections, growths and parasites are; Viruses†¦ Chicken pox Shingles Laryngitis Pneumonia Mumps Normal virus Helps Challenging hack Measles Parasites†¦ Jungle fever Intestinal Scabies Ringworm Tapeworm Crab mite Fungi†¦ Conjunctivitis Competitors foot Ringworm Thrush Parasitic nail Intertrigo (yeast) Bacteria†¦ Colds Influenza Fevers Meningitis Pneumonia Gastroenteritis Impetigo MRSA Extreme gastrointestinal (brought about by E-coli) Skin break out (Brooker Nicol 2003, pp254-255) 1:3 Describe what is implied by â€Å"infection† and â€Å"colonisation† The significance of colonization happens when miniaturized scale creatures occupy on a piece of the body for instance, skin however don’t cause signs and side effects of contamination colonized pathogens can possibly make disease whenever spread an alternate pieces of the body contingent upon the smaller scale life form colonized pathogens which can be given from individual to individual from contacting objects or not washing hands. This is a significant course of colonization inside the human services offices. Colonization of miniaturized scale living beings can occupy the host by being in or being on, they don’t cause harm or attack the tissue, yet in the event that they do attack tissue this can make the individual debilitated, which thusly will transform into a contamination. Despite the fact that the host may not give indications of ailment, they can even now give it to other people. (Lister Dougherty 2008, pp1112-1113) 1:4 Describe what is implied by â€Å"systemic infection† and â€Å"localised infection† The skins work is to shield the body from irresistible living beings, however when there has been a break in the skin diseases can represent a danger. The significance of confined contamination is a disease that is constrained to a particular body locale. The significance of foundational disease is the point at which the pathogen is circulated all through the entire body by the circulatory system. Foundational disease: Conjunctiva disease can cause enduring harm if not treated in time Low insusceptible frameworks because of diabetes, kidney disappointment and so forth. The old or youngsters may cause intricacies with disease because of their age Restricted disease: Growing Redness Temperature changes in contaminated territory 1:5 Identify poor practices that may prompt the spread of disease Secured on ECA course Training focus Result 2 †Understand the transmission of contamination 2:1 Explain the conditions required for the development of small scale living beings The conditions required for the development of small scale living beings are supplements for them to recreate. It additionally requires warmth and dampness. They are not noticeable with the unaided eye. The factor that energizes the development of smaller scale living beings is nourishment, oxygen, temperature, PH and dampness. The PH and temperature decides the pace of development. The dampness carry’s nourishments into the cell, and carry’s the waste away from the cell to keep up the substance of cytoplasm (ground substance in where various parts are found). Every single miniaturized scale living being have a PH at which they can develop. (Brooker Nicol 2003, pp.254-255) 2:2 Explain the manners in which an infective operator may enter the body An infective specialist may enter the body through the mouth, stomach, digestion tracts. The stomach related tract. It can likewise be through broken skin. Regions of disease: The respiratory framework nose, lungs, windpipe. The stomach related framework †ruined food, unclean hands or items. The urinary tract urethra, bladder, kidneys. Wounds on the skin †cuts, touches, injury to the skin. There is likewise optional infective operator: Genital †explicitly transmitted, non-sexual PH lopsidedness (cleansers, splashes, creams). Conjunctival †to the eye (dust, infections, microbes, contact focal points) The ways that picks up passage to the individual is by tainting the cells: Injury chomp †contaminated creature, human, creepy crawly Inborn †unborn infant (created through pregnancy. Rubella, chickenpox, herpes, syphilis) 2:3 Identify normal wellsprings of disease The best hotspot for disease is ineffectively chilled, warmed or defiled food. Debased clothing on a low warmth setting, clinical waste, and tainted hardware, others that might be contaminated. Unclean work surfaces in kitchens. We as a whole come into contact with hands, some equitable don’t pay attention to hand cleanliness and will spread the contamination further away from home. 2:4 Explain how infective specialists can be transmitted to an individual Airborne †inward breath of pathogens (microorganism sickness delivering specialist, for example, microbes, infection). The normal cold and influenza spread the disease to someone else, either sniffling into the air, nasal beads; this might be from a nebuliser. Tainted residue particles containing skin scales may cause a respiratory infection. Direct contact †this would be individual to individual contact, for example, messy hands upon a patient or reverse way around. Sex, chicken pox/shingles (herpes zoster) with the rash and until the last rankle has evaporated. Impetigo (staphylococcus aureus) which chiefly influences youngsters and insusceptible smothered individuals. Hands †are the primary piece of cross-disease. This can be moved by microorganisms to other body territories, for instance: hand to face to telephone (common), to shared PCs, to individual with a handshake. They thusly have now gotten all that you have contacted. In the event that they don’t wash their hands, the pattern of cross contamination will increase such a large number of others. With the rescue vehicle cross pollution can be spread from individual to gear including directing wheels, radios, entryway handles. Your body’s plan may have a decent protection from microorganisms in your qualities, however others you treat or contact may not and might make them extremely sick. Circuitous contact †can be spread by fomites †a lifeless thing that gets debased with irresistible life forms and afterward ship those living beings to someone else. This can incorporate children’s toys, hacking sheets, baby’s nappies, breathing devices, Entonox breathing connectors. They can live for a couple of moments or a couple of hours. Circuitous contact can likewise be spread by creeping or flying creepy crawlies these are instances of vectors these are living beings that transmits pathogens and parasites (individual, bug, creature). Creepy crawly chomps may cause an assortment of contaminations, one being intestinal sickness. Ingestion †the creatures that contaminate the gastro-intestinal tract are ingested through the mouth by articles, for example, the hands, in drink, uncooked food, fecal/oral spread, eating food with unclean hands. Cross contaminating is eat food while sharing communual consoles/PCs who might thus give to others by contracting infection and loose bowels and by not following hand washing procedures, this will proceed until the cycle is broken. Vaccinations †there might be an opportunity of a â€Å"needle stick† injury brought about by contaminated needles that may contain Hepatitis B infection, and as the immunization has been put legitimately into the circulation system of the patient, a disease is high. 2:5 Identify the key factors that will make it more probable that disease will happen The key factors that will make it almost certain that disease will happen are people vulnerable to contamination; these would incorporate more established individuals with brought invulnerability due down to different ailments or conditions, kids or infants. Bargained flow also to fringe vascular malady. Individuals with diabetes have a danger of creating contaminations if their glucose is lower than ordinary. Urinary catheters or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes (PEGS). IV lines whenever kept in excessively long (when a paramedic embeds a needle to oversee drugs, you should take note of the time and date it was embedded and place on the encompassing site of the needle, this keeps medical clinic staff mindful the time allotment it has been in). Poor individual cleanliness can be a factor and open to diseases. Regions around skin creases because of weight, as contaminations develop in soggy territories, for example, the crotch, stomach and under the bosoms, diseases can incre ase quickly in these zones. Youthful and untimely infants with immature lungs and heart, this is because of the lungs not being completely evolved influencing the oxygen levels in the cells. Contamination might be more if the patient or individual is contact with infectious specialists. Referencing utilizing Harvard/RefME Brooker, C. Nicol, M., 2003. Nursing Adults: The Practice of Caring, United Kingdom: Mosby Elsevier Health Science. Dundas, S. Welsby, P., 2002. Normal Hospital Infections Unknown. E. Sheppard, ed., London: Science Press. European Chitin Society, 1996. What is chitin? https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?gws_rd=ssl#q=chitin. Accessible at: http://euchis.org/[Accessed October 26, 2014]. Hateley, P., 2003. Disease Control. In C. Brooker M. Nicol, eds. Nursing Adults: The Practice of Caring. Joined Kingdom: Mosby Elsevier Health Science. Hendry, C., 2011. Capacity of the insusceptible framework. Nursing Standard, 27. Lister, S. Dougherty, L., 2008. The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures, Student Edition seventh ed., United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell (an

How To Redesign Your Website Like CoSchedule In 10+ Easy Steps

Instructions to Redesign Your Website Like In 10+ Easy Steps Okay. So you’re going to begin an immense REDESIGN of your company’s site. That’s no little undertaking, and very franklyit’s scaring. 301 sidetracks, duplicate, coding, A/B tests, wireframes, sitemaps, arranging! What's more, that’s simply the conspicuous ones. This late spring, ’s item promoting group made the striking move to refresh our whole site. And keeping in mind that investigating and gaining from others was a tremendous assistance, the assets out there were quite negligible (particularly for little groups) like us. In this way, we chose to recap our encounters and offer some life exercises. Here it goes: This is the manner by which two individuals (in-house) assembled a site without any preparation in 4 months. The Process: 1. The Five Day Brainstorm Sprint There’s an amazing book called Sprint: How to Solve Big Problems and Test New Ideas in Just Five Days. On the off chance that you haven’t read it, here’s an incredible beginning stage: What's more, it’s fundamentally what we did. In a week’s time, we made three altogether different storylines with going with Photoshop plans. We constrained ourselves to make a story, structure it, and present it to initiative each other day. It was sketchy and touch serious, yet it got us where we expected to go†¦ We began with everything without exception. Pushing ludicrous thoughts rapidly to helpâ us substance out thoughts, work off of them, and make the official story. From aâ comic book feel with superheroes to little robots controlling advertisers along their excursion, every thought presented to us somewhat closer to the last story. 2. Plot Out Your Sitemap. Put a name to each page on your new site. It doesn’t must be excessively perplexing, Megan (item marketing’s magnificent UX/UI fashioner) assembled one in under 60 minutes. What's more, with a significant level perspective on your new site, you’ll be capable toâ build a solid way for transformations and a solid storyline to control them en route. 3. Compose Your Copy Before Design. Before a solitary wireframe was made, each line of duplicate was composed for EVERY page. We went through a decent three weeks making skimmableâ content and setting a significant accentuation on great features for each idea. Proposal: Compose at least 25 features for each argument and (in the event that you can), test and emphasize on them with a colleague. ’s Headline Analyzer is an extraordinary apparatus for composing features . Utilize the â€Å"but why† procedure to discover your clients WIIFM (What’s In It For Me). Before a solitary word is written,â ask yourself this inquiry to get to the genuine advantages or the genuine motivation behind why anybody would mind to peruse x blog, page, email, and so forth. On the off chance that you haven’t as of now, watch Simon Sinek’s TED chat on Why ↠ it’s an incredible beginning stage to building a story your clients will think about. 4. Fabricate Wireframes For Your Designers Sanity Wireframes are the skeleton to structure AND in the event that you need your planner to at present love you toward the finish of a venture, DON’T avoid this. Wireframes are a great deal like sitemaps and are an oversimplified perspective on a page format. They help guarantee that when structuring truly begins, you aren’t found napping by formats and can push ahead rapidly. 5. Start With Photoshop, Then Code. Make high constancy designsâ of each page. Like composing duplicate for each page BEFORE plan, high devotion configuration ought to be done BEFORE code. Once more, it’s an essential advance since it wipes out the need to â€Å"imagine† what your page or components of the page will look like and makes changes simpler (in light of the fact that you get them prior). 6. A/B Test (Tn The Midst Of Process). Begin testing your presumptions early. In the wake of making your duplicate and introductory PS structures, begin trying out a couple of your thoughts on your current site (think components: features, logos, pictures, and so forth). Snappy How-To for Creating An A/B test: Make a theory: Based on your present destinations execution and the specific component youd like to test make a speculation to fabricate your test around: For instance: Replacing the static picture on the landing page with an autoplay video will expand transformations Test it: Create a variety of your theory (new landing page with video), and afterward A/B test it against the first page. Figure the test length as for your month to month guests, current transformation rate, and expected change in transformation rate. (VWO will help ascertain the entirety of this for you HOWEVER on the off chance that you dont have this,â heres an adding machine). Examine it: Dig into your outcomes and see which variety played out the best. In the event that theres an obviousâ winner, proceed an execute that variety to the genuine site. On the off chance that outcomes were a touch sloppy, modify your theory and continue testing. We tried a couple of features and added a video to the landing page during our site upgrade, and saw a 6% expansion in changes â†' really wonderful approval! It pays to test early. Never lay on your suspicions: demonstrate and dislike them with information! Suggested Tool: VWO for A/B testing. It’s extraordinary for non-fashioners and fast A/B tests. Use â€Å"quick learnings† to get quicker outcomes when you can’t run a test for an all-inclusive period. 7. Coding: Once Designs Are Approved, Code It. Once youre at the coding stage stay on track. Concentrate on pushing out code, getting it out into the world, and emphasize on it AFTER you dispatch your new site. Beside minor bug fixes, maintain a strategic distance from significant redesigns now. 8. Push Code to your Staging Site (For Review, Edits, and so forth.) This is the place all your difficult work springs up (behind the window ornament). Here you can test and overhaul the usefulness of your plans. We use Meistertask for our QA (quality confirmation) stage. Like numerous Kanban sees, its encourages us to follow the advancement on alters just as test, retest, and approve alters. You can createâ custom stages (open bugs, in progress, audit, and done) and use Skitch to make visuals (your planner will adore you for this). 9. Plan Time in the Project for Bug Fixes†¦ You will have bugs, so plan for it. Enroll people from the group to deliberately test and break your site (so genuine clients don’t need to). Also, test client experience during this stage. Watch a companion or colleague, somebody who hasn’t been associated with the undertaking, click around the new site. Take notes and be prepared to make changes. Getting another arrangement of eyes will assist with approving if the client stream is natural or burdensome. Keep in mind: Good plan just works. On the off chance that your client needs to think youre treating it terribly. 10. Go Live! Hold Your Breath and Release Your Hard Work Into the Real World. The 10+ advance: Keep A/B Testing. Propelling your new site is NOT the end all be all. Its simply the start. All through your upgrade procedure assemble a listâ of different things to test: shading, pictures, duplicate, video, and so on. And afterward work out a calendar for testing those thoughts half a month after your dispatch. Keep in mind, your site has one objective: to change over guests into paying clients. Also, in the event that you need to build transformations, A/B testing will help youâ to decide whats is and isnt working with your new structure. Exercises Learned: Compose Your Copy in the Customer’s Words The most ideal approach to offer to your optimal client, is to utilize the expressions and expressions of your present clients. They’re your best supporter and they communicate in the buyer’s language. So how would you do this? When making duplicate for ’s new site, we experienced pages and pages of client reviews. Polldaddy has this magnificent component that makes word billows of the most populars words and expressions AS WELL AS a separating alternative to rank famous answers (I depended on both of these intensely). Moreover, client interviews were a piece of the procedure. Over the venture, I booked and recorded Skype calls with a portion of our present clients to discover their accounts. It was an extraordinary method to get regular, candidâ responses to how and why they use . Day by day adjusts (more gatherings can be acceptable, whenever finished with a reason) Prior to this undertaking, I was certainly on group â€Å"less gatherings, more doing† Be that as it may, after this venture I understood the issue isn’t the gatherings, it’s the FOCUS in those gatherings. For our whole upgrade, the item promoting group met for 30 minutes (or less) every evening for a hyper focusedâ status update and input on our individual undertakings. These every day synchronizes helped us produce quicker and push past blockers sooner. It was a profoundly engaged gathering with an upheld timetable. What's more, as a result of these rules average gathering bologna was uncommon. Individuals left those adjusts with clear activity things and great input on their work. Suggestion: Pick two activity things for each sync. Skirt the casual discussion. Also, go directly into the zone you need criticism on duplicate, wireframe, structure whatever it is. Keep in mind, you’re on a period requirement, so respect it. Likewise, if you’re doing your synchronizes over the web, it tends to be unbalanced knowing how and when to end a gathering. Grasp the cumbersome, and simply call it when it needs to endâ (time is valuable, and you’re helping everybody out).

Government Support in Universities Essay - 275 Words

Government Support in Universities (Essay Sample) Content: NameTutorTaskDate The government should completely fund all university coursesTuition fees have become a plague to the government and if universities tend to charge higher prices, then the government will have to find a concrete solution to this issue. Many scholars have come out in discussion to this problem hoping that the government will react to the issue and find another way that will ensure the reduction of places, and ensure that potential students are not lost out. This discussion stems from the pedagogical reality that some university courses were funded by the government whereas others students will meet the cost (Sloan). This phenomena is common across many countries of the world because some courses are regarded as important over others especially health courses.. It is abstracted that students from humble backgrounds may not afford the university fees and therefore without the government effort the university and some courses will be the privilege and rig ht for the well off in the society because they can afford it. Government initiative of completely funding all the university courses will act as an equalizing factor in the midst inequality and accord every child from whichever background an opportunity to access university and self determination. Students in the university or in any other academic institutions have variant passions in carrier and therefore every government must strive to completely fund university courses so as to harbor a platform of developing all kinds of professionals and specialists that the society yearn for its economic, social, cultural and political development.Funding prestigious university courses such as medicine, surgery, pharmacy and the like will create a society which is a moribund elitist composed of individuals who does not regard moral tenets of the society and cannot lead because they are concrete in their demeanor based on their training. Subsidizing the other university courses will develop professionals who are historians, individuals aware of philosophy, sociology hence making interaction with the doctors and engineers interesting and help in blending whole round professionals who can steer forward an economy (Ullmann).The contemporary society is characterized by enormous inequality in that there is a gap between the rich and the poor.When the government decides to fund all the university courses on the other hand, some crucial courses will tend to loose its entire value. Courses like medicine and surgery are very crucial and needs to be done by only those who have a passion for it. The only way that this can be proved is by letting the students fund themselves (Holly). The government simply needs to come in providing practical assistance in the ground through giving facilities for learning and not entire funding of the course. This is the only way to distinguish between those who have a passion for the course and those who do not have. Funding all the university cou rses is too costly and practically it is not possible. There is some knowledge that can be inquired through individual aggressiveness. For any student to be successful in his or her studies, he or she needs to be aggressive. If the government decides to fund all the courses, this aspect will never be identified. For instance, for a student undertaking a business course, he needs to be aggressive in learning computer packages to make him fit in the current working environment. This is the only way to differentiate between a normal student and a go getter.The world is taking a paradigm shift and most aspects in life are changing on daily basis. This therefore calls for a quick action towards this issue so as to be able to take care of the future generation. The government has no other remaining option other than just funding all the university courses to ensure sustainability and cope with the increasing demand in the market. This will ensure enormous production of professionals in th e society who are passionate about their carrier because they were facilitated by the government in their training (Badat). It is paramount to comprehend that human beings were created in unique ways and potentialities are radically different. Works citedBada... Government Support in Universities Essay - 275 Words Government Support in Universities (Essay Sample) Content: NameTutorTaskDate The government should completely fund all university coursesTuition fees have become a plague to the government and if universities tend to charge higher prices, then the government will have to find a concrete solution to this issue. Many scholars have come out in discussion to this problem hoping that the government will react to the issue and find another way that will ensure the reduction of places, and ensure that potential students are not lost out. This discussion stems from the pedagogical reality that some university courses were funded by the government whereas others students will meet the cost (Sloan). This phenomena is common across many countries of the world because some courses are regarded as important over others especially health courses.. It is abstracted that students from humble backgrounds may not afford the university fees and therefore without the government effort the university and some courses will be the privilege and rig ht for the well off in the society because they can afford it. Government initiative of completely funding all the university courses will act as an equalizing factor in the midst inequality and accord every child from whichever background an opportunity to access university and self determination. Students in the university or in any other academic institutions have variant passions in carrier and therefore every government must strive to completely fund university courses so as to harbor a platform of developing all kinds of professionals and specialists that the society yearn for its economic, social, cultural and political development.Funding prestigious university courses such as medicine, surgery, pharmacy and the like will create a society which is a moribund elitist composed of individuals who does not regard moral tenets of the society and cannot lead because they are concrete in their demeanor based on their training. Subsidizing the other university courses will develop professionals who are historians, individuals aware of philosophy, sociology hence making interaction with the doctors and engineers interesting and help in blending whole round professionals who can steer forward an economy (Ullmann).The contemporary society is characterized by enormous inequality in that there is a gap between the rich and the poor.When the government decides to fund all the university courses on the other hand, some crucial courses will tend to loose its entire value. Courses like medicine and surgery are very crucial and needs to be done by only those who have a passion for it. The only way that this can be proved is by letting the students fund themselves (Holly). The government simply needs to come in providing practical assistance in the ground through giving facilities for learning and not entire funding of the course. This is the only way to distinguish between those who have a passion for the course and those who do not have. Funding all the university cou rses is too costly and practically it is not possible. There is some knowledge that can be inquired through individual aggressiveness. For any student to be successful in his or her studies, he or she needs to be aggressive. If the government decides to fund all the courses, this aspect will never be identified. For instance, for a student undertaking a business course, he needs to be aggressive in learning computer packages to make him fit in the current working environment. This is the only way to differentiate between a normal student and a go getter.The world is taking a paradigm shift and most aspects in life are changing on daily basis. This therefore calls for a quick action towards this issue so as to be able to take care of the future generation. The government has no other remaining option other than just funding all the university courses to ensure sustainability and cope with the increasing demand in the market. This will ensure enormous production of professionals in th e society who are passionate about their carrier because they were facilitated by the government in their training (Badat). It is paramount to comprehend that human beings were created in unique ways and potentialities are radically different. Works citedBada...

Medical and Moral Ethics of Transgender Surgery in Children - 550 Words

Exploring the Medical and Moral Ethics of Transgender Surgery in Children (Essay Sample) Content: [Student's name][Professor's name]Subject27 July 2016Exploring the Medical and Moral Ethics of Transgender Surgery in ChildrenDuring the previous years, the awareness of society on how it is to be a transgender growing up have increased. Certain hospitals do their part in helping children who identify themselves as transgender have a deeper understanding of their adolescence The generations of transgender people that have passed were only given the option to undergo surgery or take hormones to make transition possible. Although, because of research and innovation, children can now transition regardless of age. There are medical risks involved that have been discovered and some are yet to be revealed.There is vitality in recognizing the variety of treatments for persons that have gender dysphoria  it is being used to refer to individuals that declare psychological distress in terms of imbalance among those perceived gender identity and the biological sex. The need to absorb the spectrum of these treatments, their limitations and possibilities they can offer to the modern world need to be explored.Based on the study done by the Primary Care Protocol for Transgender Patient Care in the University of California, the typical concern of parents is if what their child is going through is only a stage or phase in their child's life. According to research, majority of these boys will go on as gay adolescents, and 50% of the gender variant natal girls will grow up to become transgender adolescent and men. In simpler terms, there is a chance that these children are going through a phase as suspected by parents and people in the medical field. This is an indication that majority of children with gender dysphoria will not continue to adolescence. Clinical experience says that gender dysphoria  can be assessed after the child shows early signs of puberty.If someone makes a decision to undergo transition, there is a possibility that part of the process is social in terms of selecting a new name, change of pronouns, a shift in the clothes worn, and due to medical reasons. The use of puberty blockers is one medical development to treat transgender children. These medications keep the body from producing estrogen or testosterone to stop the changes that happen during puberty. It gives families the chance to cease the process to stop natal puberty until the right direction for the child is determined. These puberty blockers allow children to feel gender dysphoria in order to feel that they're in the wrong body making them contemplate on their gender identity. No tests exists yet that can tell if a child is only experiencing distress about there is going to become a transgender. There are studies showing that gender dysphoria is only present in a minority of children, but only a small number of children are tested and it is done abroad.The objective of gender surgeries and therapies is to lessen the sexual characteristics of the child' s gender at birth, and to promote the development of the sexual characteristics of the opposite sex. This has been deemed as impossible because no treatment is able to change one's genetic genotype, and the traits linked to sex will always be shown by the original genome. A lot of the characteristics like, bone structure, stature, anatomy, and vocal cord structure are all irreversible. Due to these limitations, the physicians that treat patients with gender dysphoria can only do limited changes to the body of the patient in terms of appearance until the patient is satisfied with the outcome.According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth have the tendency to experience suicidal thoughts and behaviors. It is because the ones who have been claiming to be the opposite sex are having a difficult time accepting the secondary sexual characteristics that their body undergoes during puberty. The voices start to become dee per, beard starts to grow, and breasts begin to develop in girls. This is unacceptable to them as they are not comfortable. This is psychologically stressful to them and there is a possibility that society is going to judge and mistreat them.Majority of the treatments offered today are not affordable to those who do not have insurance. The injectable...

Who Is the Architect of the Most Famous Memorial in DC

For a class project at Yale University, Maya Lin designed a memorial for Vietnam Veterans. At the last minute, she submitted her design poster to the 1981 national competition in Washington, DC. Much to her surprise, she won the competition. Maya Lin is forever associated with her most famous design, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, known as The Wall. Trained as an artist and an architect, Lin is best known for her large, minimalist sculptures and monuments. Her first great success that launched her career—the winning design for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC—came when she was only 21. Many people criticized the stark, black monument, but today the Vietnam Veterans Memorial is one of the most famous memorials in the United States. Throughout her career, Lin has continued to create powerful designs using simple shapes, natural materials, and Eastern themes. Maya Lin has maintained a design studio in New York City since 1986. In 2012 she completed what she calls her final memorial—What is missing?. She continues to create her own Lin-chitecture with an emphasis on environmental themes. Photos of her work are posted on her website at Maya Lin Studio. Background: Born: October 5, 1959 in Athens, Ohio Childhood: Maya Lin grew up in Ohio surrounded by art and literature. Her educated, artistic parents came to America from Beijing and Shanghai and taught at Ohio University. Education: 1981: Yale University School of Architecture, B.A.1986: Yale University School of Architecture, M.A. Selected Projects: 1982: Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.1989: Civil Rights Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama1993: The Weber House, Williamstown, Massachusetts (with William Bialosky)1993: The Womens Table, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut1995: Wave Field, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan1999: Langston Hughes Library on the Alex Haley Farm, Clinton, Tennessee (C-Span Video)2004: Input, an earth installation at Bicentennial Park, Ohio University2004: The Riggio-Lynch Chapel, Childrens Defense Fund, Clinton, TN2006: The Box House, Telluride, CO2009: Wavefield, Storm King Art Center, Mountainville, New York2009: Silver River, CityCenter, ARIA Resort and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada2013: A Fold in the Field, Gibbs Farm, New ZealandOngoing: The Confluence Project, Columbia River, American Northwest2015: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA (Design Architect: Maya Lin Studio with   Bialosky Partners Architects)2019 (expected): Neilson Library Redesign, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts Whats Lin-chitecture? Is Maya Lin a REAL architect? Our word architect comes from the Greek word architekton meaning chief carpenter—not a good description of the modern architect. Maya Lin has described her winning submission sketches for the 1981 Vietnam Memorial as very painterly. Although a Yale University graduate with two architecture degrees, Lin is widely known more for her artistic memorials and installations than the private residences she has designed as an architect. She does her own thing. Perhaps she practices Lin-chitecture. For example, an 84-foot scale model of the Colorado River has become part of the registration process at a Las Vegas resort (view image). Lin took nearly three years to replicate the river using reclaimed silver. Finished in 2009, Silver River is a 3,700 pound statement to casino guests—reminding them of the local environment and the fragile source of their water and energy while staying at CityCenter Resort and Casino. Could Lin have affirmed environmental impact in any better way? Likewise, her earth pieces are visually magnificent—as large, primitive, and unworldly as an underground Stonehenge. With earth-moving machinery, she sculpts land to create works like the temporary installation Wavefield (view image) at Storm King Art Center in New Yorks Hudson Valley and her earthen wave installation called A Fold in the Field in New Zealand at Alan Gibbs Farm. Lin won early fame for her Vietnam Memorial and notoriety for the battles it took to turn her design sketches into reality. Much of her work since then has been considered more art than architecture, which has continued to stir heated debate. According to some critics, Maya Lin is an artist—not a real architect. So, whats a real architect? Frank Gehry gets to design jewelry for Tiffany Co. and Rem Koolhaas creates fashion runways for Prada. Other architects design boats, furniture, wind turbines, kitchen utensils, wallpaper, and shoes. And isnt Santiago Calatrava really more of an engineer than an architect? So, why cant Maya Lin be called a real architect? When we think about Lins career, beginning with that 1981 winning design, it becomes clear that she has not strayed far from her ideals and interests. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was rooted in the earth, built with stone, and created a bold and poignant statement through its simple design. Throughout her life, Maya Lin has been committed to the environment, social causes, and affecting the earth to create art. Its that simple. So, let the creative be creative—and keep art within the scope of architecture. Learn More: Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision, written and directed by Freida Lee Mock, 1995 (DVD)Boundaries by Maya Lin, Simon Schuster, 2006Maya Lin: Topologies, Rizzoli, 2015Maya Lin: Systematic Landscapes by Richard Andrews and John Beardsley, Yale University Press, 2006 Source: A Walk Through ARIA Resort Casino, Press Release [accessed September 12, 2014]

The Security Practices Of A Security System - 1980 Words

Abstract. Information in today’s world is promptly evolving and has tremendously changed the way we communicate on a daily basis. With the increase in mobile technology we now have constant access to information and services from our laptops, smart phones, tablets, and other web enabled devices. Nevertheless, even though information technology has brought colossal benefits to our culture it has also increased the impact of personal and private information. The research paper will exemplify the risks in not implementing a security system in the early stages of development. Another challenge that systems are facing, is how data has been collected and generated. With new ways of storing data a big number of rules are outdated thus data is†¦show more content†¦In 2013 Target had a breach which was ranked among the worst ever. Before the target incident in 2012, Sony Play Station 3 (PS3) suffered a crucial security leak. In this incident they stole and gained access to personal info rmation of PS3 user, such information stole was: users names, passwords, mail addresses, and credit cards. In other words, the attackers gained access to all your personal information that could potentially use it for their own interest, harming your family and possibly bank accounts. This trespassing was able to succeed because Sony didn t keep up to date their security software and protocols. (Reisinger, 2014) Sony could have prevented this breach if they have had a good protocol of security in case of any incident, not to mention that as part of your security plan you should always plan on having your system up to date so you can compete and protect your system against new threats. Many organizations don’t realized that by failing this important step you put your organization in hands of hackers, as the example of Sony in which it found itself in a privacy breach which affected millions of users accounts, Sony was also fined a large amount of money due to the information stolen. In other words, by not implementing or including software security to the system at the beginning of planning Sony could have had prevented this breach. Maintaining and having a secured system will always be more practical economically

Soccer Bringing People Together Around the World

What the rest of the world calls football, is known as soccer in the United States. Arguably the most popular game on earth, its internal controlling body (FIFA), boasts more members than the UN. Bigger than baseball, American football, and basketball combined, soccer is the most watched sporting event in the world, even more than the Olympics. Soccer is one of the most popular sports in Europe and the Americas. It has a vivid and interesting history in the world of sports. Soccer, it would seem, is not just a game, but a global event with wide political, national, and economic influence. Soccer origins go back to ancient times. Indeed, for thousands of years, almost every culture has enjoyed kicking a ball. Balls used in the game†¦show more content†¦Over the years this sport went under a lot of changes. Each generation brought something new, setting rules of the game. When someone is watching the soccer game, a lot of questions gets on their mind. As any other game, soccer has a set of rules that are followed during the game. It is said that there is 17 basic rules of soccer. The object of soccer is that the player has to get the ball into another team’s goal. The player can use any part of the body except hands and arms. The goalie is the only person that is allowed to touch the ball with his hands. The field of play must be rectangular in shape. Soccer can be played on either grass or artificial turf, but the surface must be green in color. The ball must be in spherical shape. There are 11 players on a team, including the goalkeeper. Each of the p layers must wear a jersey or a shirt in the same color as his teammates. They also wear shorts, shin guards, long socks and cleats. As in any other game there has to be someone who keeps an eye on rules, scores and the game itself. In soccer, the referee has the most authority on the field. 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Putting A Successful Business Peter Thiel - 1102 Words

Peter Thiel is a venture capitalist and entrepreneur who co-founded companies such as, Pay-Pal and Palantir. In his book Zero to One, Thiel talks about the essential steps to follow in creating a successful business. According to Thiel, in order to create a successful business the founder must create a new product that has never been done before. He talks about the horizontal and vertical process of businesses. The horizontal process focuses on the idea of doing more of what is already working. While, the vertical process focuses on a new or better way to do something. Thiel says that the vertical process is what is needed in starting a successful business. One of my favorite quotes from the book is, â€Å"Every moment in business happens†¦show more content†¦If you have a typewriter and build a word processor, you have made vertical progress.† This backtracks on the idea of the horizontal and vertical process; it is so vital that companies come up with new and upda ted ideas to in order to accomplish success. Another important idea that I took away from Peter Thiel’s book, Zero to One, was the idea that, in order to think clearly about the future one must question the past, Thiel focuses on this in chapter two. Business owners must learn from their past mistakes in order to create a business that has a strong foundation. Thiel goes into great detail about how important it is to learn lessons from previous mistakes and take one step at a time while building your business. In Chapter three and four, Thiel goes into vast detail about monopoly’s and non-monopoly’s, the two simple models in business. According to Thiel, every company that has a monopoly is so successful that no other company can compare to it. Non-monopoly’s generally, â€Å"exaggerate their decision by defining their market as the intersection of various smaller markets† (Thiel 29). Monopolies are idealistic for a company in a competitive marke t compared to competition in the business world, which can trap a business and makes them less successful. When explaining this, Thiel compares both Shakespeare and Carl Marx. He states that Shakespeare’s explanation that people who fight are commonly similar to each other is more similar to the business

Architecture of the Sydney Opera House Essay Example For Students

Architecture of the Sydney Opera House Essay The Sydney Opera House is Australia’s most identified structure and is picturesque and aesthetic in an iconic way. It was completed in 1973 on Bennelong Point surrounded with a beautiful harbor setting. The design of this building with souring shell shaped white sails on top of a gigantic red granite platform, made a statement and is now known as an â€Å"architectural icon of the 20th century. †(Powerhouse 2014) This dominant masterpiece can be seen and experienced from all sides. Viewed by a boat, from an airplane, or by foot, the vision is substantial and not to be forgotten. It was built between 1957 and 1973. It took 16 years to construct this internationally acclaimed modern marvel. (Time Magazine 2013) The Genius behind this exceptional design is the Pritzer Prize winner Danish architect Jorn Utzon. The opera house contains nearly 1000 rooms, which includes the five main concert halls. The buildings dimensions are estimated at 185m long and 120m wide at its widest point. The roofs are made into 21914 pre-cast concrete sections, each section is covered with exactly 1,056,056 Swedish ceramic tiles. The tallest point is measured at 67m above sea level. The entire structure weighs over 161,000 tons. (Utzon, Design 2002) This masterpiece is nothing short of revolutionary. Utzon took risks and challenged his self with a geometrical design. The construction of the historical white sails took on their own four years to solve. (Utzon, Design 2002) Utzon used an organic idea to base his design around using pastoral colors on the exterior and using a leaf form pattern which he carefully thought up for the ceramic shell roofs. The reason the iconic shells were created white was to create contrast to the red-granite, concrete platform. The same materials were used for the flagstone on the shoreline paved walkway, which encircles the structure. (Uneseco, 1992-20015) Inside the structure housed all the performance facilities. Utzon incorporated a Mayan influence to this structure, which he was influenced by an excursions through Mayan ruins in Mexico. (Duek-Cohen 1998) The plateau of the Opera House has a 100 meter wide staircase that gives onlookers the impression they are in another world, freeing them from the stresses of daily life. â€Å"The sun did not know how beautiful its light was, until it was reflected off this building,† – Louis Kahn (Principles 2002) the interior of the Opera House was said to by Utzon â€Å"To put the people into a festive mood, and take them out of their daily lives. – Jorn Utzon It differs completely from the exterior. Where the exterior is all natural, bland colors, the inferior is bright joyful, yellows, reds, and oranges. He took some ideas from Chinese and Buddhist are and temples. In the main, concert, and opera halls there are murals and designs by well-known artist; John Olsen’s â€Å"Five Bells† and Michael Nelson Jagamara’s â€Å"Possum Dreaming,† to name just a few (Powerhouse 2014) Utzon was an architectural genius, but he also took a lot of scrutinizing from the Australian government. So when he won the Peritzer Prize for his work on the Opera House it was a very surreal moment. â€Å"Utzon made a building well ahead of his time, far ahead of available technologies, and he persevered though malicious criticisms to a building that changed the image of an entire country. It is the first time in our lifetime that such an epic piece of architecture gained such universal presence. † – Frank Gehry (Jorn Utzon 2003) This quote from a fellow college shows how prestige Utzon was held by not only his colleges, but the entire world. .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d , .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d .postImageUrl , .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d , .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d:hover , .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d:visited , .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d:active { border:0!important; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d:active , .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud206d633edf8f88f6fa5988ba07f0b0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A House For Mr. Biswas EssayToday, more than being a world-class performing arts center, the Opera House represents Sydney and even the whole nation the same way as the Eiffel tower represents Paris. (Sydney Opera House 2015) It’s known not only for its outstanding architecture, but also for exceptional engineering and technological innovation. However, there are still complaints from some parties on the acoustical properties as well as on the inadequacy of support spaces (UNESCO, 2009). The problems were fixed in 2004 towards the correction of the acoustics, but the hall still may undergo changes in the future. Utzon created a set of design principles in 1999 that guide how changes are to be implemented to the structure. Since he had so many fall outs with the government, Utzon was never to return to Australia, never to see the final result of his work. It is a solemn ending to such an inspiring and life-changing structure in the world, but he did gain the most renowned architectural prize in the world, the Prizter Prize. On November 29th, 2008, Utzon passed away at 90 years of age. To him we owe thanks to changing the architectural boundaries forever (Australian Heritage 2003). Bibliography: Australian Heritage Database, Sydney Opera House 2003 Duek-Cohen, Elias. Utzon and the Sydney Opera House, Morgan Publiations 1998 â€Å"Model of Sydney Opera House† Powerhouse museum –collection database May 6, 2014 Outstanding Universal value. Web. Uneseco World Heritage center 2015 â€Å"Sydney Opera House History† Web. Sydney Opera house Official Site Sydney Opera House, Utzon Design priciples, May 2002. â€Å"World Landmarks Go Dark in Honor of Earth Hour† Time Magazine Jan.28, 2013

Potential Target Markets for the Fast Food Restaurant-Free-Samples

Questions: Discuss about the potential target markets for the Fast food restaurant in Coconut Plantation Resort, Hawaii. Answers: Introduction Target segments along with the product offerings should properly designed and identified. This is due to the reason that in the current time of increased competition in the market, especially in the Hawaiian tourism, effective and proper identification of the target markets is important. In addition, having an effective communication mix is also important in order to communicate with the potential customers regarding the offered services (Todorova 2015). This report will discuss about the probable target market for the restaurant in Coconut Plantation Resort in Hawaii along with the identification of exact type of restaurant to offer. This report will also discuss about an ideal communication mix for the restaurant considering all the relevant elements. Identification of the target market Market segmentation includes different aspects to be considered including demographical, geographical and psycho graphical segmentation. In the case of the Coconut Plantation Resort, target segments will be determined in relation to the demographical and psycho graphical segmentation. In terms of the demographical segmentation, the target segment should be the young professionals aged between 26 to 40 and the late adults aged over 50 (Hess and Doe 2013). These are the most potential target segment due to the reason that there are mainly two types of customer segments go for vacation in Hawaii. One is the young professionals who are the having stable professional life and having the purchasing power to enjoy leisure vacations and the other is the late adults who wants to enjoy their older age in leisure. Both these target segments will have favorable purchasing power to spend in the Coconut Plantation Resort. Another probable target segment is in terms of psychographic segmentation. According to the case study, independent traveler constitutes the major portion of the total inflow of tourists (Park and Jang 2014). Thus, the market potentiality by targeting them will be more. On the other hand, these travelers not travel with setoff itinerary and pre-purchased services. Thus, the potentiality of generating business from them is more. Recommended restaurant According to the case study, there are mainly three types of restaurants being prescribed. However, it is recommended that fast food restaurant will be the most applicable and proper for Coconut Plantation Resort. This is due to the reason that, in the case study, it is stated that table cloth and moderately priced restaurants only offers three meals a day (James et al. 2014). In addition, the variation in the food offerings will be more in case of the fast food restaurants over others. It is also to be noted that tourists in the Hawaii Island will enjoy more of the local fast foods compared to the fixed meals. Tourist tends to spend fixed amount for their meals in the restaurant, while spending for fast food varies. Thus, the business opportunities can get more through fast food restaurant. Fast food restaurant will be able to offer more authentic local cuisines compared to the clothed restaurants. Specialty restaurants are also not considered due to the reason that they will only c ater to the higher end customers, while the fast food restaurants will be able to cater to larger section of the customers (Wang, Tran and Nguyen 2014) Ideal product levels Four product levels of fast food restaurants will be discussed including the core product, generic product, expected product and augmented product. The core product of the fast food restaurant will be the foods being offered. The core products will be diversified in order to enhance the effectiveness of the core offerings. Having multiple cuisines will help to cater to larger customer base (Booth 2014). Generic product of the fast food restaurant will be the quality of the foods along with the authentic taste. Proper hygiene and health standards will be maintained in preparing the food (Penzenstadler and Femmer 2013). Organic materials will be used in order to provide the authentic taste and quality to the customers. Expected product of the fast food restaurant is the expectation of the customers from it. This includes the authenticity of the local taste and cuisines with exact flavor. Customers also expect that executives will be friendly and the time for the food delivery will be less. Cost will also be in accordance to the products. These factors will be considered in order to fulfill the customer expectations. Augmented products are the additional offerings, which will enhance the customer value as well as create a distinctive image in the market. In the case of the fast food restaurant, the color scheme to be used in the premises along with the style of branding will be different from that of the market (Seo and Jang 2013). In addition, services will be also distinctive by offering drive in services and hotel delivery of the foods Pricing strategy Affordable and economy pricing will be initiated by the fast food restaurant in order to cater to different customer segments. This is due to the reason that fast food will attract customers across different income levels (Spann, Fischer and Tellis 2014). Moreover, with having economy pricing, higher end customers can also be targeted due to the reason that economy pricing goes well with the fast food market. Communication mix strategy Target market Reach Lifespan Frequency Advertisements Entire target market consisting of customers across every income levels. Advertisements will have higher market penetration due to the involvement of number of different mediums. The life span will be more and in accordance to the business. Advertisements will continue throughout their business operation. Frequency will be more due to the presence of different mediums. However, the design will typically change after every 4 months according to the market trends. Sales promotion Will target mainly the mass market and the frequent customers. Reach of the sales promotion will have limited reach and but with higher effectiveness. It will be limited among the customers coming to the restaurant. Lifespan of sales promotion will be less and it will be limited to newly launched offerings. Sales promotion will be done in less frequency and will only be initiated upon requirements. Public relation Will mainly target the higher end customers who are not frequent. Market reach will also be limited among the not so frequent customers. Lifespan of public relation will also be more and it will be continued in order to identify the change in the market trend and requirements. Public relation will be initiated in limited frequency and will only be initiated at the peak seasons. Direct marketing Will target all the customers regardless of having potential or not. Direct marketing will have more marketing reach due to the communication of the messages to every single corner. The lifespan for direct marketing will be more due to the reason that it will also be continued along with the business operation. The frequency of direct marketing will be more and it will be conducted in regular basis. Medium Message Objective Finance Advertisements Different mediums will be involved such as print media, outdoor medium and social media. Print media will help to communicate to the potential customers in the local hotels. Outdoor medium will ensure enhanced brand visibility and social media will help to reach out to more customers in less cost. The message will include basic information about the fast food restaurant along with the value creating factors for the customers. The color scheme to be used in communicating the message will be same to the branding. The core objective of the initiation of advertisements will be reach out to maximum number of potential customers possible and make them aware about the presence of the restaurant. Another objective is to make customers aware about the core products to be received. Advertisements will cost more due to the involvement of different mediums. It is estimated that US$ 3000 will be required for advertisements. Sales promotion Mediums of sales promotion will include customer loyalty programs, seasonal offerings and promo codes. These mediums will help to attract customers along with making aware about the foods. This will also increase the customer footfalls. The message will include the product description along with the ingredients used in preparing the foods. The message will also include the added services to be received by the customers. The main objective of sale promotion is to attract more customers during the off season along with maintaining the existing customer base. Another objective is to increase the customer loyalty of the most frequent customers. Sales promotion will also have certain cost due to the fact that seasonal offerings and discounts will incur added cost. It is estimated that US$ 1500 will be required for sales promotion activities. Public relation Mediums of public relation will be initiation of two ways communication process in the online community such as social media. This will help in determining the requirement of the customers. The message will include the ways by which the restaurant is willing to serve better. The message will also include the steps taken in enhancing the customer satisfaction. The objective of initiation of public relation is to enhance the level of satisfaction of the customers along with maintaining the positive relationship with the customers. Due to the involvement of different mediums, an added cost will also be incurred in the initiation of the public relation activities. US850 will be required in this case. Direct marketing Mediums for the direct marketing will be email, phone call and online texts. These mediums will help to communicate with the customers directly and in more personalized way. The message will include brief service offered by the fast food restaurant along with the price chart. Moreover, the message will also include the added facilities and distinctive services of the restaurants. Objective will include reaching to major sections of the target market and making them aware about the restaurant. US$ 500 will be required for this activity. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that Coconut Plantation Resort should have fast food restaurant in their location. This is due to the reason that fast food restaurant will be more effective in catering to major section of the target market. This report also discussed about the two most potential target segments along with discussing the ideal communication mix to reach out to maximum number of customers References Booth, D.A., 2014. Measuring sensory and marketing influences on consumers' choices among food and beverage product brands.Trends in food science technology,35(2), pp.129-137. Hess, M. and Doe, P., 2013. The Marketer's Dilemma: Focusing on a Target or a Demographic?: The Utility of Data-Integration Techniques.Journal of Advertising Research,53(2), pp.231-236. James, P., Arcaya, M.C., Parker, D.M., Tucker-Seeley, R.D. and Subramanian, S.V., 2014. Do minority and poor neighborhoods have higher access to fast-food restaurants in the United States?.Health place,29, pp.10-17. Park, J.Y. and Jang, S.S., 2014. Psychographics: Static or dynamic?.International Journal of Tourism Research,16(4), pp.351-354. Penzenstadler, B. and Femmer, H., 2013, March. A generic model for sustainability with process-and product-specific instances. InProceedings of the 2013 workshop on Green in/by software engineering(pp. 3-8). ACM. Seo, S. and Jang, S.S., 2013. The roles of brand equity and branding strategy: a study of restaurant food crises.International Journal of Hospitality Management,34, pp.192-201. Spann, M., Fischer, M. and Tellis, G.J., 2014. Skimming or penetration? Strategic dynamic pricing for new products. Marketing Science,34(2), pp.235-249. Todorova, G., 2015. Marketing communication mix.Trakia Journal of Sciences,13(1), pp.368-374. Wang, L.W., Tran, T.T. and Nguyen, N.T., 2014. Analyzing factors to improve service quality of local specialties restaurants: A comparison with fast food restaurants in southern Vietnam.Asian Economic and Financial Review,4(11), p.1592.

Strategic Management on Honda Motors Essay Example

Strategic Management on Honda Motors Essay Off-Campus Executive Summary The key to a firm’s success is its fit between the organization and its environment. We study Porter’s Five Forces and Porter’s Value Chain activities for Honda’s strategic planners to analyse the organisation’s role in itself and how it copes with the environment. The strategic planner’s role is to forecast and direct the organisation into future strategies. Honda’s market positioning faces many challenges for example, the company’s core competencies in engine design and its engineers’ pursuit of technological mastery are not in accordance with market demand. onda’s positioning is not moving beyond the conservative Civic and Accord models, despite attempts to come up with other innovative cars. How the global automobile industry configures its activities across borders is largely dependent on how it deals with the opposite demands of global integration of activities and handles demand for local responsiveness. Prof. Whittington’s Classical and Processual Schools of Thought identifies with how differently strategies are developed. On one hand, strategic managers would like to forecast the future and to orchestrate plans to prepare for it. On the other hand, experimentation, learning and flexibility are required to deal with unexpected future events. The two model are applied on Honda Motors and we analyse which one is more suitable for Honda Motors. Global strategic management is conducted by managers all over the world. Its success depends on clear communication and understanding between them. The cultural dimensions are discussed from five aspects. They are power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long term/short term orientation. In the systemic perspective, the international strategic manager at Honda Motors will take into account the cultural dimension in building productive relationships. Table of Contents Individual Assignment Case Study – Reconciling Managerial Dichotomies @ Honda Motors in De Wit Meyer (2004:671) â€Å"Structural transformation through E-Business† Module Leader: Dr. Augustus Osseo-Asare Submission Date: Monday, 10th January 2011 Word Count: 3,000 words SIM336 Strategic Management Sunderland Business School We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management on Honda Motors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management on Honda Motors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management on Honda Motors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Forum Scholarship Sample For Beginners

Forum Scholarship Sample For BeginnersA forum scholarship sample essay for beginners is a must have for anyone who wants to find out more about academic topics and how they relate to their life. It is an essay which tells the reader how one understands academic subjects such as science, history, philosophy, math, social studies and other general topics. A forum scholarship sample essay for beginners will be able to help in all areas of study. Thus, it can help any individual with academic skills improve and reach their potentials.The forum scholarship sample is especially beneficial for students who have little or no idea what they want to study in college. It will help them know what they are capable of and give them a bit of advice on what course of study to take. In fact, it will also help in choosing a college. Such information can also be provided to people who have a bit of money to spend for college. Through such information, they will be able to decide if the school is worth their money.There are various advantages of reading a forum scholarship sample for beginners and some of them include better grades and higher chances of getting admitted to a college. The key benefits of reading these essays are that it is free. This means that all the research and the writing materials needed for the essay will be provided to the readers. Thus, they will not have to invest anything for this.The forum scholarship sample for beginners is written very well and has been created with the help of experts only. Therefore, it will not only help in enhancing academic skills but will also be very helpful in improving people's mindsets and behaviors. Reading it will help in giving the readers more knowledge about their academic skills. If they get the gist of the academic study, then they will be able to apply what they have learned to their daily lives.When reading a forum scholarship samplefor beginners, you will have to make sure that the topics being discussed are someth ing which can help in terms of completing the degree. Remember, different colleges have different requirements. If you have chosen a college based on the topic of discussion, then you should also have a good grasp of the topic.While reading a forum scholarship sample for beginners, it is important to remember that there are too many topics included and so it is imperative that you read it and pick the best topic which is applicable to your particular field of study. This will also be beneficial for helping you focus and set goals for yourself. Through these goals, you will be able to ensure that you have reached the maximum level possible.There are various types of topics and it is therefore important to read a forum scholarship sample for beginners in order to find out the right topics to write. The topics will be divided into three sections. These are factual, analytical and topical. Factual topics are those in which the writer will be discussing the main aspects and the real life situations. Analytical topics are those which will mainly involve using facts in order to formulate an argument.Topics which focus on facts will mainly contain how the world works, the current situation and the predictions of future. Such topics are very useful to individuals who want to learn and gain information about their own field of study. Topics in which the writer will be analyzing past and present events are mostly analytical and have to do with current situations.

Austarlias current trading position

Austarlias current trading position Table of Contents1.0 Introduction 12.0 The importance of international trade 12.1 Imports 12.1.1 Direction of imports 22.2 Exports 42.2.1 Direction of exports 53.0 Balance of payments 64.0 Exchange rates 75.0 Foreign investment 86.0 Trade blocs 87.0 Conclusion 10References 111.0 IntroductionTrade is of vital importance to Australia. It now accounts for around 40% our national income with exports of goods and services generating around $1452.2 billion in income for Australia in 2001-02 (D.F.A.T. 2003). The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature and importance of trade to the Australian economy. In particular, the scope of this paper will be confined to the benefits of trade followed by an analysis of changes in Australia's trading patterns.2.0 The importance of international tradeThe importance that Australia places on trade can be attributed to the fact that Australians are not able to produce all the goods and services required by Australian consumers (DFAT, 2003).English: C hile: imports and exports, annual averag...International trade is geared around the concept of mutually beneficial exchange. So by trading Australia is able to focus on producing goods and services in which it is most competitive, ultimately enabling Australian consumers to gain from having a wider choice through importing of products and services that they are unable to produce for themselves. That is Australia gains from trade the ability to import things it wants (Krugman 1993).2.1 ImportsAbout one-tenth of Australia's merchandise imports consist of primary products such as food and beverages and crude petroleum while the remainder of manufactures consists mainly of elaborately transformed manufactures (ETM's) such as computers, machinery and transport equipment. The main service imports consist of transportation, travel, communication and insurance (DFAT 2003). A list of Australian imports by broad categories can be seen...

An Extremely Long Essay About Nothing

I rarely feel something so strongly to be true that it consumes my identity. Because of this I have developed a false self confidence of sorts. A voice in my head that tells me I am Justified and correct when I finally do reach some level of conviction. I think the logic at work here is that if I am not easily convicted then I must only be convicted by something extraordinarily convincing.I ay false confidence, but the truth is I trust this intuition and allow it to guide my actions regarding the big questions. Since most of my strongly held beliefs have taken a long time to form I am not ashamed to hold them once they reach maturity. I think this is a good thing. Another part of the way my mind works is that my convictions are subject to change. I think this is also a good thing. It feels to me that the Truth is never going to reveal itself to me as a whole so to get closer to the Truth my views should constantly be changing and adapting as more and more of the unreachable is revealed to me. Truth, I would say at this point In my life, Is not entirely obtainable. However, I would also qualify this statement and say that It Is every bit worth searching for. Which brings me to my main point. I do not write this to make an argument for why Truth Is worth the search, that would be another topic Id love to tackle and might at some point. No, I write this to explain primarily to myself where I am right now as far as my convictions and where those convictions are going to and coming from.

Vampire and supernatural power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vampire and supernatural power - Essay Example 3) Second argument: Humans are increasingly using vampires to express the evil doings in the society. The vampires are considered evil and used to represent the evil person in the society. 4) Third argument; People are attempting to use vampires to link supernaturalism with science. Through use of technology, the vampires are accorded traits that demonstrate the changing understanding of religion. 5) Conclusion: There has been increased depiction of supernaturalism in the society. Advancement in technology has created a void in the psychology and spiritual life of humans. Humans are making use of vampires to fill this void. Introduction Since time immemorial, human have always engaged in telling stories, which are often in form of narratives and depict different aspects of the society. With advancement in technology, the tales have been converted into films. The stories depict the cultural belief and yearning in a society. In the twentieth century, vampire myths have dominated severa l aspects of the human culture. Vampires characterize modern day literature, television shows, spirituality, and other aspects of human life such as Halloween parties. Vampire image are often used in human cultures to represent some sort of supernaturalism. Although vampires are not a new phenomenon, they have become dominant in the contemporary society where they are often used to depict supernaturalism. Several narratives and film are based on vampire mythology. The narrative based films in the contemporary society demonstrate increased crave for vampire mythology. Several individuals, especially the psychologist have attempted to explain the change in trends toward vampire mythologies. This paper focuses on the reasons why the culture of supernatural is so popular in modern society. Additionally, the paper will examine if vampire legends fill psychological and spiritual void that has been created by advances in science and technology. Some people such as Del Toro and Hogan (Web) argue that the vampire legends fill psychological and spiritual void that have been created by advances in science and technology. This is true since with advancement in technology, the religious mythologies have lost credibility. They are been replaced by vampire legends. Just as people in the past tried to escape from reality by engaging in religious narratives, the contemporary society makes use of fiction to display supernaturalism. Use of vampire is thus a new technology-based approach to religious narratives. As the society becomes more technologically advanced and secularized, there has been a void in spiritual and psychological life, which artists are attempting to fill using vampires to represent supernaturalism and evil. Additionally, human are attempting to cope with life by avoiding reality. The vampires are unrealistic and used to explore the life after death. Humans with paranormal religious beliefs are believed to cope better with problems they cannot understand (Del Toro and Hogan Web). Another reason why the culture of supernatural is more popular in the contemporary society is the change in how people relate toward religion and spirituality. This has resulted in the changes in the concept of vampire. In the current world, vampires are used to explain situations as well as people who fail to comply with the social expectations. The vampires help

Industrial Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial Business Management - Essay Example Not a cure –all, it has definite limitations- just as it has great possibilities and excellent record of accomplishments. Operations research broadens and formalizes the basic principles of scientific management and uses the methods long applied to problems in physical science. When a business man faced with a marketing problem that involves variables employs algebra to calculate the best time to sell his product, he is using the operations research approach. Instead of studying insects, or atoms, or heart diseases, like most sciences, operations research studies men and machines in action. And it employs the talents of a team of scientists, rather than man. Operations research teams include physicist, political scientist, mathematician, economists, engineers, psychologists, and on down the line of practically every science- physical, biological, social or human. Faced with a problem, an operations research team gathers every piece of information which bears on the situation. These dates are translated into mathematical terms by using the tools of algebra and calculus, differential equations, geometry, statistics, and symbolic logic, among others. What is appalling to layman, however makes good sense to the operations research specialist. ... Operations research does not have to include mathematics however, it can be simple too. Operations research is therefore, is an applied science utilizing all known scientific techniques as tools in solving a specific problem. It is likely however that the operations research should not be classed as a branch of engineering. It is an organized activity with more or less defined methodology of attacking new problems and finding definite solution. The operations research technique is most useful in military operations than in non – military operations. The most important single mathematical tool of operations research is probability and statistical theory. The data upon which the research is based will come, for the most part, from statistical studies of operations. Statistical analysis is part of the observational aspect of operations research. The operations research is successfully practiced in military operations One of the classical example is that of depth setting of a â₠¬Ëœdepth charge’ (a kind of bomb used for underwater explosion at pre – specified depths) to be dropped by an aircraft against submarines. Initially, the attacks were unsuccessful as the submarines were reported sunk. Using available data and simple analysis it became clear that if the depth setting was reduced and the pilots were instructed not to drop the depth charge if the submarines had already submerged for more than half a minute, one would expect the average number of submarine sunk for a given number of attacks by more than two times. Thus there was no need to develop and influence fuze to improve the effectiveness of depth charge. This recommendation was accepted and implemented. Subsequently, enemy intelligence reported that perhaps a

Hound Of The Baskervilles Essay -- essays research papers

SUMMARY Entering the office and showing Holmes and Watson an 18th century manuscript, Dr. James Mortimer tells the myth of Hugo Baskerville. Hugo captured and imprisoned a young country girl at his estate in Devonshire. He then became the victim of a hound of hell as he chased her along the lonesome moors late one night. Ever since that day, James Mortimer reports, the Baskerville family has been haunted by a mysterious and supernatural black hound. The recent death of Sir Charles Baskerville has brought back suspicions and fears. The next of kin, Holmes and Watson find out, has arrived in London to take up his post at Baskerville Hall, but he has already been intimidated by an anonymous warning note and the theft of a shoe. The duo quickly discovers that Sir Henry Baskerville is being followed in London by a mysterious bearded stranger, and they speculate as to whether the mystery man is a friend or an enemy. Holmes, however, says he is too busy in London to accompany Mortimer and Sir Henry to Devonshire to investigate the bottom of the case, so he sends Dr. Watson to be his eyes and ears, asking him to report back regularly. Arriving in Devonshire, Watson discovers a state of emergency, with armed guards on the lookout for an escaped prisoner wandering the moors. He meets potential suspects in Mr. Barrymore and Mrs. Barrymore, Mr. Jack Stapleton and his sister Beryl, Baskerville neighbours. A series of mysteries happen: Barrymore is caught lurking around the mansion at ni...

Exploring the Effectiveness of Performance Appraisal

EXPLORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN MULTI NATIONAL COMPANY. BY MITHILA S. PARAB 2007-08 A Dissertation presented in part consideration for the degree of â€Å"MA MANAGEMENT† ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my supervisor, Nick Bacon for his invaluable advice and guidance throughout the project. I would like to thank all the participants who participated in my research. I would like to thank my family and friends for their guidance and encouragement throughout the project, without which the project would have been impossible. ABSTRACT This dissertation seeks to present the effectiveness of the appraisal system of a Multi national company in India. Hence, the performance appraisal system of this company was studied. The study also explains how performance appraisal systems have encouraged employee development in the organization considered. The study explores the importance of performance appraisal in the organization.It explores how organizations have t o be organized and systematic in their approach, so that they can extract the exact performance from their employees which can help them, to create a balance between performance and achieving organizational objectives. This paper, explains how performance appraisal helps in evaluating and assessing the employees on a common ground and helps to establish training and development program which helps the employee to grow in the organization. It also helps, to understand how performance appraisal helps in other personnel decisions like promotion, salary increments etc. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Performance appraisal overview How widespread is performance appraisal? Objective of study Overview of chapters CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW How was performance appraisal evolved? Linkage of Human resource management and Performance appraisal Pg. no 6 7 8 9 9 11 11 14 17 20 23 25 26 26 27 29 30 31 Purpose of performance appraisal Perception of PA in organization How is Pa conducted? Management by Objective: Graphic Rating Scale BARS and BOS Motivation and Goal setting theory Feedback 360 degree feedback Summary of Literature Review CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD Research objective Research methods Quantitative Vs Qualitative Why Qualitative? Research Tactics Primary data Design of interview questions When was research done? Secondary research Limitation of Qualitative research Summary of research methods CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS OF DATA PART A COMPANY INFORMATION PART B ANALYSIS OF DATA Summary of chapter CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 34 34 34 34 35 36 36 36 37 38 38 39 40 40 42 53 54 5 Exploring the effectiveness of Performance Appraisal in Multi national company. CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION:The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the effectiveness of performance appraisals in Multi national company and its effect on the employees and the organization. This paper, explains how performance evaluation helps in assessing, evaluating and appraising employees performance in the o rganization as well as rewarding employees and providing them with the necessary training and development. It tries to explain, how it motivates employees when goal setting theory is applied in order to perform better in the organization.The, study basically highlights the impact of performance appraisal on the employees and on the organization. The key purpose of performance management in organizations is that it helps in; measuring the effectiveness of performance in the organization also, it helps in identifying training needs and largely promotes motivation towards work. But, how exactly does performance appraisal help in running the organization? Every organization has a set of objectives and functions and the main task is to accomplish the desired objectives and functions.This can only be achieved, if the employees know their duties well. Employees form an important asset of the company, therefore they should be provided with a proper package, remuneration and good training an d development. All these facilities will only help the employee to be, highly motivated towards their work and would help in producing the right output i. e. performance. Performance appraisal is used all over the world. Many organizations use 6 performance appraisal in order to develop a clearer picture of their organization.The performance appraisal process allows an organization to measure and evaluate an individual employee’s behavior and accomplishments over a specific period of time (DeVries et al. , 1981). In recent years the attention towards performance appraisal has increased rapidly, due to its important potential implications ,relating to fair employment practices and the because of increasing concerns about employee productivity in the organization. (Pearce and Porter,1996 ) What ultimately lies is the end product which is performance which has to proper, therefore, in order to achieve that, the employees should be utilized to the full extent.Organizations have t o be organized and systematic in their approach, so that they can extract the exact performance from their employees which can help them, to create a balance between performance and organizational objectives. Performance Appraisal : Overview The most basic purpose of performance appraisal is to provide information to the employees about their job and the amount of effort and behavior expected from them. Performance appraisal (PA) systems aim to help, develop individuals, improve organizational performance and to develop the basis from which builds a baseline for planning for the future.Generally PA includes the following main purposes: 1 Creation of a shared vision of the organization's objectives, occasionally through a mission statement communicated to all employees. 2 Setting of individual performance targets relating to the operating unit's target within the overall organization. 3 A formal review of progress towards these targets, and/or the identification of training needs. 4 The PA system assessed regularly to evaluate its effectiveness for overall organizational performance. (Coates,1994) 7 McEvoy and Cascio(1990) suggested that employees should be told their duties i. . they should be told what is expected from them plus effective orientation towards effective performance. As a result, the intention is to provide employees with an adequate understanding about their job, and encourage employees to work towards their organizational goals. When objectives are set for the employees it becomes simpler for them to attain the desired task. Performance can be obtained, when a desired goal is given. Locke’s ( 1968) Goal setting theory emphasizes the importance of conscious goal levels as determinants of employee performance.Goal setting theory is summarized as follows- a. hard goals produce a higher level of performance than easy goals, b. some specific hard goals produce higher level of output; c. behavioral intentions regulate choice behavior. How wid espread is performance appraisal? Performance appraisal is widely used in many Western countries. In US the percentage of organizations using performance appraisal increased from 89 percent to 94 percent from 1970s to 1980s. (Locher and Teel,1988) Similarly, in UK the use of formal performance appraisal system has rapidly increased. Armstrong and Baron,1998) Appraisal is particularly prominent in some big industrial sectors in the UK, such as financial services. Cully et al (1998) add that performance appraisal has developed from an initial application to the middle managers and professional occupations and is now frequently applied to non-managers and professionals. 8 Performance appraisal is also used in non-western countries like China, India, Hong Kong and Japan. Objective of the study: The aim of this study is to explore the operation and effects of performance appraisal in Multi national company.It will assess whether the appraisal process creates a positive response or negati ve response from employees and assess the subsequent impact on employee attitudes and behaviors. The appraisal process studied is that of a Multi national company in India. The appraisal system of this company was designed to improve employee productivity. The findings, suggests that the performance appraisal system is important in the Multi national company among employees and the organization. The study also explains how performance appraisal systems have encouraged employee development in the organization considered.An over view of the existing literature relevant to this topic is considered in the following chapter. Over view of the chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction: A brief introduction about the purpose of the research is given. A brief overview of performance appraisal is presented. Then the research objective is mentioned. Then a brief description about the remaining chapters is given. Chapter 2 : Literature review: Chapter 2 comprises of Literature review. It starts with th e history of performance appraisal system.It explains how performance appraisal system was evolved in the industry and what its current importance in the industry is. The chapter then, explains 9 the various concepts relevant to the subject. The purpose and perception of appraisal system is explained. This is followed by the process of performance appraisal. The literature review was designed to explain the main motive of the research, therefore accordingly the relevant literatures pertaining to the research was only considered. Chapter 3 : Research methods Chapter 3 comprises of research method adopted in the.This chapter gives an overview of the research and the research objective. It then explains the purpose of qualitative research adopted in the research. It then highlights the relationship between the study and the research method adopted. The majority of the chapter explains how the data was collected for the research and the process of data analysis. Chapter 4 : Analysis of Data Chapter 4 comprises of the Analysis section. This section gives a brief introduction to the parameters on which the employees are tested in the organization and the scale on which they are judged are explained.This chapter then explains the findings of the research. This section broadly explains the reaction of the employees, of the appraisal system of their company. Chapter 5 : Conclusion Chapter 5 concludes the research by stating briefly the findings of the research and sums up the whole research. The conclusion also suggests recommendations for fur 10 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: This chapter gives a review on the literature of performance appraisal. It explores areas from the time performance appraisal was evolved till the current rating scale in the industry. How was performance appraisal evolved?Evolution of performance appraisal. The formal performance appraisal system has a short but considerable historical background. Grint (1993 ) traces evidence of performance appra isal system in the third-century Chinese practice. In this context, â€Å"Imperial Raters† were employed by emperors of the Wei dynasty to rate the performance of the official family members. (Wiese and Buckley, 1998 ) Performance appraisal was seen in the industry in early 1800. In UK, Randell (1994) identified its use in Robert Owen’s use of â€Å"silent monitors† in the cotton mills of Scotland.Here, the Silent monitors were blocks of wood with different colors painted on each visible side and it was hung above each employee’s work station. At the end of the day, the block was turned so that a particular color, representing a grade (rating) of the employee’s performance, was facing the aisle for everyone to see. (Weise and Buckley, 1998) Anecdotal evidence indicates that this practice had a facilitating influence on subsequent behavior. 11 In US the trend of performance was started in1813 in the US War department. Here , an Army General submitte d an evaluation of each of his men.Using a global rating, with descriptions of his men such as â€Å"a good-natured man† or â€Å"a knave despised by all† (Bellows and Estep, 1954,Weise and Buckley,1998). One impetus of development of performance appraisals in United States was traced in salesman selection by industrial psychologists at Carnegie- Mellon University (Scott et al. , 1941), who used trait psychology to develop a ‘man-to-man' rating system. Historically, performance appraisals have been used for administrative purposes, such as retention, discharge, promotion, and salary administration decisions (DeVries et al. 1981; Murphy and Cleveland, 1995; Patten, 1977) as cited in Weise and Buckley (1998) By the early 1950s, 61 per cent of organizations regularly used performance appraisals, compared with only 15 per cent immediately after World War II (Spriegel, 1962,Weise and Buckley,1998). The primary tool was the trait-rating system, which focuses on past ac tions, using a standard, numerical scoring system to appraise people on the basis of a previously established set of dimensions (DeVries et al. , 1981). The main tool, used under here was rait rating system. But, there were a lot of inconsistencies found in it, as the manager had to take up the role of a judge and not a leader. This laid to the development of new systems based on management by objectives. Peter Drucker first proposed the concept of Management by objective in 1954. Mcgreror then used it in the appraisal process in the year 1957. He suggested that, employees should be appraised on the basis of short-term goals, rather than traits, which are jointly set by the employee and the manager. (Weise and Buckley,1998).This method was very advantageous as, this lead to a transformation of a managers role from being a judge to a helper. It also shows that, employee 12 productivity ultimately leads to performance. Thirdly, it shifts the orientation towards future actions instead of past behaviors (DeVries et al. , 1981; Patten, 1977) However, when employees performance was measured on the basis of units, then MBO was ineffective. This lead to new development in the appraisal process , where the employee was evaluated on the basis of ‘behaviour based rating'.The first tool, to focus on behaviors was the Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS), designed by Smith and Kendall (1963) Therefore, it is seen that PA system has come a long way for the betterment of the organization and the employees. New development of PA was useful at every stage. Today, performance appraisals are expected to serve a number of purposes simultaneously. When discussing the uses of performance appraisal, it is important to distinguish between organizational goals, rater goals, and ratee goals. (Weise and Buckley,1998)Thus, Performance appraisals today should be used as a vital tool to identify the work potential of an employee, instead of choosing the best individual in the o rganization. Performance appraisal goals needs to become more inclusive – goals which are beneficial to both individual and organization. For example, instead of just assisting an organization make decisions concerning an individual, performance appraisals should be used to help an individual make personal decisions regarding his/her current performance and provide strategies for future development. (Weise and Buckley,1998)Performance appraisal is regarded widely as a necessary attribute of management, part of an over-riding value set of efficiency, of being seen to succeed, to perform and to control. (Barlow,1989) Performance management forms a baseline for setting the objectives and helps in giving a clear picture to employees and clearly explains, what is expected from them. Therefore, the question that arises is, whether performance appraisal system is meant only for completing the organizations objectives? Yes, performance appraisal does that ,but at the same time it giv es training and development to employees, proper pay package 3 and right remuneration packages which help in motivating the employees to produce the right output i. e. performance. Performance appraisal is a unique and significant managerial tool used to motivate and control workforce. Linkage of Human resource management and Performance appraisal: Human resource forms an indispensable part of the organization. Hence, it is very important to examine the role of appraisal in the effective and efficient utilization of this resource. (Cummings and Swab, pg 56) Fig : 1. The process of Human utilization PERFORMANCE HUMAN ABILITIES AND ENERGIESPROCESSING AND CONVERSION of HUMAN ENERGIES According to Bratton and Gold,(2003:7),† Human resource management (HRM) is a strategic approach to managing employment relations which emphasizes that leveraging peoples capabilities is critical to achieving competitive advantage, this being achieved through a distinctive set of integrated employmen t policies, programs 14 and practices. † HRM forms a core in understanding people's behavior towards their colleagues as well as their companies. The model laid down by Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna (1984) of HRM gives a clear picture of the HRM process. Bratton and Gold,2003) Fig 2. HRM Process Selection: Performance Human resource development Appraisal Rewards In this modelSelection: Selecting the right candidate who would fulfill the organisational goals and objectives Performance: The output of employee's abilities which add value to the organization Human resource development: Providing the necessary training session, this would help the employees to possess the relevant knowledge and skill to perform better in the organization. Due to this the employees would improve individual skills as well as advance in the organization. 15Appraisal: Appraisal which depends largely upon the employees capability to perform would then show the employee's competencies and talent. The modern human resource system may be divided into four parts acquisition of human resources(recruitment and selection),training and development ,motivation and compensation. Performance appraisal is involved in all four parts and serves to tie them together by providing feedback information for all of the other parts. ( Latham and wexley,1977 : griffin:604) Performance appraisal therefore is known as the powerful tool for managing human resources. Forbrum and Laud,1983) Therefore, an HRM process forms an important element in the organizational structure. HRM department knows the objectives and function well of the organization. Therefore, it knows what kind of people the company needs and recruits in that way. It provides adequate training session to employees so that they know their tasks, well in advance and act accordingly, it helps in encouraging and motivating employees and sees to it that, the employees do their duties well. When the employees know their task well, they would obvious ly perform well.But, still HRM has to do another important task is to check whether the performance of the employees is as per the standards or not. This is where a formal appraisal system comes into picture. Therefore, Huber,(1980) rightly puts it that in the context of human resource management, formal appraisal serve three purposes: 1. Evaluation, 2. development and 3. Employee protection. Richard & Johnson (2004) suggest that organizations need to match HR framework and practices up to holistically corporate strategy in order to achieve superior performance in the organization. 6 WHY is PA necessary? Earlier, PA did not exist in the organization. Then why did the need of performance appraisal arise? Why was it necessary to include performance appraisal system in an organization? Cant a organization run efficiently if there is no PA system ? Wiese and Buckley (1998 ) gave an answer to this. They said that, a formal performance appraisal system serves as an asset in conducting for mal decision process within the organization . It also helps employees, in developing their career and increasing their commitment towards their organization.Murphy and Cleveland (1995) add that it is always advantageous to use a formal appraisal system in the organization. Performance appraisal provides information that is relevant for many personnel decisions, like increments in salaries, it introduces scope for promotion, transfers, and training and development programs, as well as for employee development and performance feedback (Jacobs, Kafry, & Zedeck,1980) Huber(1980) is also of the same opinion that millions of public and private employees have their performance appraised in order to determine salary, promotions, tenure, layoffs and development potential.Purpose of performance appraisal: The most known purpose of performance appraisal is to improve performance of individuals. Performance appraisal has basically two important purposes, from an organizational point of view: 1 . The maintenance of organizational control and 2. the measurement of the efficiency with which the organizations human resources are being utilized. (Cummings and Shwab. 1973 pg. 55) But ,there are also a variety of other declared purposes and desired benefits for appraisal, including: Improving 17 otivation and morale of the employees, clarifying the expectations and reducing the ambiguity about performance, determining rewards, identifying training and development opportunities, improving communication, selecting people for promotion, managing career growths, counseling, discipline, planning remedial actions and setting goals and targets. (Bratton and Gold,2003:284, Bowles and Coates,1993). However, according to Armstrong and Baron, there is rise in more harder and judgmental forms of performance appraisal than softer and developmental approaches.Therefore there has been a shift in performance appraisal away from using it for career planning and identifying future potential and i ncreased use of it for improving current performance and allocating rewards. (Redman and Wilkinson,2001: pg. 60) Performance appraisal can be used as an effective tool to improve employees’ job performance by identifying strengths and weaknesses of the employees and determining how their strengths can be best utilized within the organization and overcome weakness over the period of time. The next question that comes into mind is that who gets more out of the appraisal process the organization or the employees?Who obtains more gain out of it? Both, i. e the organization and employees or any one of them. The following studies give us an explicit understanding of the different purposes of performance appraisal in the organizational context and highlights the different key features of performance appraisal. It also helps us to know who benefits from the appraisal system. Mcgregor (1972) in his paper, â€Å"An uneasy look at performance appraisal† said that formal performan ce appraisal plans are designed to meet three needs, one of the organization and one two for the individual: The following are his ideas about PA. 8 Firstly, PA provides systematic verdict to back up salary increases, promotions, transfers, demotions or terminations. Secondly, PA forms a means of telling subordinate how he is doing, how his performance is towards the organization and suggesting the changes in his behavior, attitudes, skills or job knowledge improvements ,they let him know â€Å"where he stands† with the boss. Thirdly, PA is increasingly being used as a basis for coaching and counseling of the individual by the superior.Similarly, Murphy and Cleveland (1995) studied how performance appraisal is used in organization. They compared ‘between individual' and ‘within-individual' performances. The ‘between individual' performances was able to provide information to make decisions regarding promotion, retention and salary issues. The ‘within i ndividual' performances was useful in identifying the training and development needs which includes performance feedback, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of employees as well as determining transfers.Another use of performance appraisal was found out through this study was that of ‘ system maintenance' which was used to identify the organizational goals and objectives, to analyze the organizational training needs and to improve the personnel planning system of the organization. Finally, documentation purposes are to meet the legal requirements by documenting personnel decisions and conducting validation research on the performance appraisal tools.Bowles and Coates (1993) conducted a postal survey of 250 West Midland companies in June 1992, where the organizations were asked questions pertaining to the use of Performance management in the organization. These questions included the perceived function of PA in the management of work, its strengths and weaknesses, the rol e of 19 commitment in the management of work. Through their survey they found out that PA was beneficial in the following ways: 1. PA was beneficial in developing the communication between employer and employee, 2.It was useful in defining performance expectations and 3. Identification of training needs. An important study in the field of employee’s performance appraisal program was conducted by Redman et al (2000) on National Health Service Trust hospital (UK). In this study, they explained the effectiveness of performance appraisal in public sector. Their research was mainly to check in what context does performance appraisal hold an upper hand in proving its worth in the public sector. The results however were pretty surprising.The results obtained showed that performance appraisal was considered as ‘organizational virus'. Nelson (2000) adds that PA largely helps the employee to have a focused and fixed approach towards the target goal. He elaborates that appraisal s ystem acts like a boosting factor for the employee to do his job well. It recognizes the employee's capabilities in order to achieve the given objective and function. It also helps in knowing the shortcomings of the employees and acts like an important element, for career development and planning.Perception of PA in organization It revolves if PA gives a positive impact or a negative impact to the employees. It shows whether the employees get motivated to perform better, if they receive a good feedback or do they get de-motivated and loose interest in their job. So far, we have 20 come across the purpose, uses of PA in the organization, but the perception i. e. the understanding of PA is not taken into consideration in most cases which is important for the employee as well as the organization.If the employees don't recognize this, then they would suffer unnecessarily in the organization the reason being that, an employee has a certain level of expectation from his company when he jo ins it; he expects sum kind of growth from it, also the organization expects a lot from him. But, a negative feedback of performance would largely hamper him mentally and make him loose his interest in his job. There would be change in his attitude, which would be problematic for him as well as the organization. He would be de motivated to achieve the organizational objectives.Many employees have a kind of view that, their promotion or salary increments largely depends on their performance. Employees therefore are in a dilemma and consider this situation as ‘survival of the fittest' . They know for a fact that, their performance is only taken into consideration at the end of the day, and in order to grow in the company they need to be pro active towards their work. The feedback the employee receives from his superior, may simply describe the level of performance achieved. (Evans,1986) Hence, it is important for the managers to conduct the appraisal process properly.Employees c an only accept criticism if it is useful and relevant to them. Managers should know how to provide information regarding improvement in performance and how to present criticism as well. Managers feel that whenever they have to provide a negative feedback, the employee is most likely be dejected and de-motivated. Meyer et. al (1965) carried out a study in General Electric Company where certain points relating to performance feedback was highlighted. In this study, 92 appraises were appraised by their managers on two 21 occasions over two weeks.The study was carried out by questionnaires, interviews and observation. The first interview, included performance and salary and the second performance and improvement. It was observed, that there was a lot criticism pointed out by the managers, which lead to defensive behavior of the employee. The conclusions from this study were that- Criticism leads to create a negative impact on the motivation and performance of the employees. Interviews d esigned to improve performance should not at the same time weigh salary and promotion issues. Participation by the employee in goal setting helps to produce favorable results.After this study, there were many studies which reflect upon employee's performance issues due to negative feedback. Ilgen et. al (1979) add that the appraisal has to be fair. Employees who believe that the appraisal system is under any kind of bias and misunderstanding between them and the managers are, most likely to be dissatisfied by their work and can also leave their jobs. The extent to which employees are able to accept feedback will vary to a considerable degree between employees and managers will need to be able to cope with such variations .That is ,they will need to ‘know' their people as individuals, and this itself will be a reflection of the development of managers. ( Bratton and Gold,2000,p. 286) One possible reason for the widespread dissatisfaction with performance appraisal in organizati on is that the systems used by organizations do not help them or their employees meet the desired goals. ( Murphy and Cleveland. ) It has been shown that individuals are motivated to seek feedback (if it is seen as a valuable resource) to reduce uncertainty and to provide information relevant to self evaluations (Ashford, 1986). 22 How is PA conducted?Performance appraisal system should not merely be a checklist of ‘do's and don’ts ‘,it should provide a wider perspective to the employees. Performance appraisal has to be designed in such a way that, both, the employee and the organization can obtain fruitful results from it. A performance appraisal system should be made in such a way that the organization can ensure proper accomplishment of goals; at the same time the employee can expect clear and concise work expectations. Knowing what is expected from them is the first step in helping one cope better with the stress usually associated with lack of clear divisions . Baker,1984) To make performance appraisal effective,our criteria need to be present. These are? Employees should be actively involved in the evaluation and development process ? Bosses need to enter performance appraisals with the constructive and helpful attitude. ? ? Realistic goals must be mutually set. Bosses must be aware,and have knowledge of the employee's job and performance. (Baker,1984) Cole (1988) presented the following appraisal process framework. This framework explains how the appraisal process is carried out.First, the appraisal form is completed by the manager and the employee then a formal interview is explained where a job improvement plan is established which gives three outcomes action agreed, promotion or transfer or salary review. 23 FIG. 3 PA PROCESS APPRAISAL FORM COMPLETED INTERVIEW CONDUCTED JOB IMPROVEMENT PLAN ACTION AGREED PROMOTION OR TRANSFER SALARY REVIEW 24 APPRAISAL METHODS: Management by Objective: Management by objective (MBO) was introduced by Peter Drucker in 1954 which changed a managers role from being a judge to a helper.Management by objective is an approach where employees are evaluated by how well they accomplish their tasks and objectives which are important to be critical in the successful completion of their job. MBO is a process, which converts organizational objectives into individual objectives. It helps in goal setting, planning, self review and performance review. In goal setting, the organizational objectives are used as guidelines through which the individual objectives are set up. Goals are set up between the managers and the employees, which become the standards against which the employee's results will be evaluated.MBO is used in planning process ie making the action plan for carrying out the assigned goals. It includes identifying the proper activities necessary to accomplish the objectives. Self-control is another important step in MBO, where a systematic monitoring of performance is done by the ind ividuals so that they get a clearer picture of their performance. (Rudman,2003) says that it is crucial to have very precise and well defined objectives, this will eradicate scenarios whereby the appraiser have to appraise performance based on unclear objectives which will in turn will affect motivation.The advantage of MBO lie in its result oriented emphasis. It assists the management for planning and control functions and is considered as a result oriented approach for performance appraisal ,because employees would know exactly what is expected of them and how they will be evaluated and how their evaluation will be based on their success in achieving their goal. MBO clearly defines an employee's goals and objectives to be achieved in the organization. 25 Although management by objectives has many positive features, its limitations need to be understood.The primary issue that needs to be addressed by the organization is the high level of management commitment and time required to r eorient the thinking of employees (Patten, 1977,Weise and Buckey,1998). Graphic Rating Scale (GRS) GRS is considered as the most popular and oldest of the appraisal systems. GRS is used mainly in evaluating performance based on quantity and quality of work. In this the rating of an employee is done on some specific areas only. The rater has to mark the employee on the basis of certain scale which best describes the employees performance in the organization.GRS helps in analyzing employees on a quantitative scale and can help to compare and contrast the employee's behavior on this scale. There is greater standardization of items so comparability with other individuals in diverse job categories is possible. (Henderson, 1984, p. 175) BARS and BOS : Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) was introduced by Smith and Kendall. BARS development is a long and arduous process, involving many steps and many people. From this process, performance dimensions are more clearly defined and are based on more observable behaviors. Weise and Buckley,1998) This system received special attention in the field of performance appraisal. This method was useful in analyzing the performance on the basis of behavior. BARS, clearly highlights the 26 definite, observable and measurable behaviors done in the job. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale was greatly accepted because it made use of specific behaviors which is derived for each job and which would produce relatively reliable and error-free ratings. Behavior observation scales were then introduced which were intended to improve BARS. (Latham and Wexley, 1977)Motivation and Goal setting theory Performance appraisal process and its outcome can affect an employee's motivation. Employee's performance is seen as most directly as a consequence of the employee's ability and his motivation to perform. (Cummings and Swabs, 1973, pp. 46) In Organisational context, the performance is evaluated by examining the employee's abilities and capabi lities to achieve the desired objectives. Behaviour Maintenance Model The BMM presented by Cummings and Swabs attempted to show how people become motivated to perform effectively in the organization.This model shows the importance of outcomes in the motivational process. 27 Fig 4 Behavior Maintenance Model SATISFACTION GOAL ATTAINMENT MOTIVATION GOAL ASPIRATIONS In the framework, Goal aspirations lead to goal attainment and motivation. When goal aspirations leads to goal attainment which when achieved by the employee give a sense of job satisfaction him. When an employee is satisfied then he ultimately becomes motivated to work more efficiently in the organization. Evans(1986) also presented a model of motivation in which a goal ie a starting point is set up by the supervisor or the individual and it is then accepted by them.This goal largely influences the employee's persistence, attention effort and the approach or the strategy which he adopts to complete the goal. These factors a nd the constraints of performance determine the actual performance. When this task has been accomplished then this actual performance is compared with the original 28 Fig 5 Evans Model of Motivation Goal set and goal accepted Effort Constraints on performance Attention Persistence Strategy Ability Performance Comparison with goals FeedbackLocke( 1968) introduced the Goal setting theory whereby the employee gets motivated to work for his organization when he has a goal to achieve. Locke's Goal setting theory is summarized as follows- a. hard goals produce a higher level of performance than easy goals, b. some specific hard goals produce higher level of output; c. behavioral intentions regulate choice behavior. Feedback Feedback about the effectiveness of an individual's behavior has long been recognized as essential for learning and for motivation in performance-oriented organizations. Ilgen et al 1979) Feedback is considered as an important tool in performance appraisal 29 process. Feedback can be a useful tool for development, especially if it is specific and behaviorally oriented, as well as both problem-oriented and solution-oriented (Murphy and Cleveland, 1995) One of the basic purposes of formal appraisal process is the provision of clear and performance based feedback to employees. ( Carroll and Scheiner,1982) Some organizations use feedback as a development tool ,while in some organizations it is used for merit evaluation and compensation adjustment. McEvoy and Buller,1987; London ,Wohlers and Gallagher,1990) Feedback is very essential for the employees because it forms a baseline for the employees which help them to get a review of their past performance and chance to improve their skills for the future. (Ashford,1986) says that when feedback is considered as a valuable resource, then only the individuals feel motivated to seek it, which helps in reducing uncertainty and provides information relevant to self evaluations. There is also evidence that per formance feedback (if given appropriately) can lead to substantial improvements in future performance (Guzzo et al. 1985; Kopelman, 1986; Landy et al. , 1982) 360 degree performance appraisal: 360 Degree appraisal is used to describe a comprehensive nature of feedback which is received by an individual through everyone in the job. It is also referred to as ‘multisource feedback' or ‘multi-rater feedback'(Kettley,1997) adds that when an individual receives feedback from different sources of the organization, including peers, subordinate staff ,customers and themselves, i. e. When a feedback is received from ‘all-round' a job, then the process is known as 360 degree appraisal or feedback. 0 Nearly all the Fortune 300 companies are adopting 360 degree appraisal process. (London and Smither, 1995). The demand of 360 degree, in UK is increasing rapidly. (Handy et al, 1996, Geake et. al, 1998) There hasn’t been a lot of empirical evidence on the 360 degree apprais al system. (Fletcher and Baldry 1999 : pg63) say that-‘The actual amount of empirical evidence on the impact of 360 degree feedback is disappointingly small considering its extent of its use; widespread adoption seems to have reflected faith rather than proven validity'.Even though 360 degree, is not widespread enough it is been used for a lot of purposes. Research has shown that 360 degree is used for the following purposes(Fletcher and Bailey 2003) state that 360 degree feedback gives a great scope to commend and criticize on their sub ordinates performance. It also helps in building up the competency of the organizations framework and objective. It aids in increasing self awareness as self-assessment corresponds to subordinates perception. Summary of literature review. Performance appraisal was evolved in the third century in China in the Wei dynasty. Weise and Buckley, 1998) PA was seen in industry in the early 1800. In UK, Randell (1994) observed it in Robert Owens Ã¢â‚¬Ë œsilent monitors'. In US, an Army General introduced it in for evaluation of his army men. Earlier, PA was used only for administrative administration. The linkage of human resource management and performance appraisal is shown in the research. Huber (1980) rightly puts it that in the context of human resource purposes like retention, discharges, promotion and salary 31 management, formal appraisal serves three main purposes: 1. Evaluation, 2. development and 3.Employee protection Richard & Johnson (2004) also suggest in this context that organizations need to match up with the HR framework, objectives and practices up to holistically corporate strategy in order to achieve superior performance in the organization. The research explained why a formal performance appraisal was necessary in the organization. PA gives an employee a proper understanding of his duties and tasks towards his organization. It helps the organization to evaluate employees on a common ground and gives scope for retention, salary decisions, promotions, training and development programs etc. Jacobs, Kafry & Zedeck,1980 ) Studies by McGregor, Murphy et al, Bowles and Coates etc explained the various purposes of performance appraisal. About 61% of organization adopted Performance appraisal by 1950. Performance appraisal developed on the basis of objectives and goal function, thus MBO was evolved. MBO was helpful in setting up goals, which became the standard against which the employee's performance was compared. However, MBO was ineffective performance was measured in units. Therefore, behaviorally monitored performance review was introduced.Thus, Behaviorally Anchored Rating System (BARS) was introduced. BARS was designed by Smith and Kendall in 1963. BARS was found to give more accurate rating of performance. Behavior observation scales were then introduced which were intended to improve BARS. (Latham and Wexley, 1977) It was seen that performance appraisal can be used as a motivational too l. The Behavior Maintenance Model presented by Cummings and Swab in 1973, which explained how people become motivated to perform effectively in the organization. 32Similarly, Evans (1986) also presented a model which explained how individual and manager decide a goal and how this goal largely influences the individual's persistence, attention and the strategy he/she adopts to complete the goal. These factors determine his actual performance. When the individual's tasks are achieved then this actual performance is compared with the original goal. Locke(1968) introduced the Goal setting theory which emphasizes the importance of conscious goal levels as determinants of actual performance. Goal setting theory is summarized as follows- a. ard goals produce a higher level of performance than easy goals, b. some specific hard goals produce higher level of output; c. behavioral intentions regulate choice behavior. Feedback is another important element in the field of performance appraisal. the feedback which an individual receives is the report of the performance achieved by him/her. 360 degree feedback was introduced which refers to feedback received by an individual through everyone in the organization. 360 degree feedback includes feedback from peers ,sub-ordinates and customers.It is also known as ‘multi-source feedback'. 33 Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHOD This section would help understand and explain the reasons behind the choice of the methodology I have adapted for this research The choosing of research methodology depends on the nature of study topic (Creswell, 1994 ). Research objective The research objective was to understand the effectiveness of an appraisal process on the employees. The main purpose of this dissertation was, to study the employees ability to perform well in the industry and to check the impact of performance feedback over their job.Research methods. Quantitative Vs Qualitative. Denzin and Lincoln ( 2000 ) say that, Qualitative research ge nerates the socially constructed nature of reality, the intimate relationship between the researcher and what is studied, and the situational constraints that shape inquiry. They seek answers to questions that stress how social experience is created and given meaning. In constrant, quantitative studies emphasize the measurement and analysis of casual relationships between variables, and not processes. (pg 8) 4 Qualitative research thus has a humanistic element to it, whereas Quantitative research is grounded in mathematical and statistical knowledge. (Gephart,2004) Qualitative research is a representation of peoples mind and, it is interpretative and highly inductive. (Van Maanen, 1998) Another interesting difference between the two methods is, that quantitative techniques require the researcher to produce and verify hypothesis and reduce entities into simple variables for the benefit of understanding and generalizing.Also, it assumes that all occurrences are independent events that have no connection to the surrounding environment. On the other hand, qualitative research attempts to prove and understand phenomena rather than explaining the cause and effect relationship. Further, it believes that all occurrences are linked in some way to the surrounding environment. (Easterby smith et al,2002) Why qualitative? The goal of qualitative research is to understand the research topic more explicitly, from the perspective of the interviewee, and to understand how and why they have arrived at this perspective. Gephart, 2004) adds that, qualitative research methodology largely depends on recounting, understanding and explaining complex or interrelated phenomena, namely, the methodology is to understand multi-dimensional, dynamic picture of a subject of study. Qualitative research method was ideal for this project, because it gave a deeper understanding of the, given theories and helped in obtaining an edge in knowing the concepts well. As the data obtained through qual itative is the interviewees own responses, it helps in gaining a broader perspective about the topic.The exact responses pertaining to the literature review helps in linking the data well. 35 Research Tactics The tactics used for data collection for the research are classified as follows: Primary data: The research deals with the reaction of the employees after being appraised. Hence , it was necessary to conduct the research through semi structured interviews. Cooper and Schindler (2001) suggest in this context , that if the research is an exploratory study, use of interviews is more appropriated for the researcher to understand and get an in depth view of the topic being explored.Design of interview question . : The interview questions were designed, keeping in mind the research objective. Eight questions were designed in accordance with the literature review. The interview questions were categorized into four parts. The first part, reflected the employees basic experience with pe rformance appraisal. The second part, focused on the training aspect of the organization, which forms an important part of the appraisal process. The third part, focused on the direct implications of the appraisal process on the employee's life.The last part was designed to reflect answers relating to motivation and better performance in the organization. The questions designed were open-ended because ,it could give the employee the chance to elaborate his given situation. Easterby-Smith, et al. , (2002) state that, investigators conduct qualitative interview to understand ‘how individuals construct the reality of their situation formed from the complex personal framework †¦ in order to help explain and predict events in their world’. 36 When was the research done? The research was done in mid July to mid August.Data analysis: For the data collected in this research through interviews, a framework given by Bryman and Bell(2003) was used. The framework is known as T heoretical sampling which is explained as follows. Theoretical Sampling: It is a process of data collection for generating theory where the researcher collects and analyzes data and decides what data to collect next and where to find it, in order to develop his theory as it emerges (Bryman and Bell, 2003. Thus, data was collected from various sources until there was a theoretical saturation.The same content leads to descriptive content analysis which is discussed in detail in the next section (Bryman and Bell, 2003, p. 330). Figure – Theoretical sampling 37 Secondary research This has been provided through the available research and various reports. This was done by accessing the library and books, journals, market reports and internet extensively. Limitations: Limitations of qualitative research. : The big problem with qualitative data is how to condense highly complex and context-bound information into a format which tells a story in a way that is fully convinced to the ead er. â€Å"(Cassell and Symon, 2004) Qualitative research methods are descriptive. Also ,they are subjective in nature which always leads to a kind of research bias. Sometimes, the interviewees were not willing to open up much, towards 38 some question. This would either lead to incomplete information or incorrect information. Another important limitation was time constraint. Due to time constraint, the researcher was not able to take many interviews. Summary of Research methods: The research method was done keeping the research objective in mind.The research method adopted for this research was Qualitative research method. Qualitative research method helps to understand multi-dimensional, dynamic picture of a subject of study. The research tactics adopted for the research were done in the form of primary data source and secondary data source. Primary data was obtained in the form of structured interviews. The questions designed for these interviews were open ended. The secondary da ta was obtained in the form of reports, books, journals etc. A theoretical sampling method of Bryman and Bell (2003) was adopted for data analysis method. 9 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS OF DATA: This section is divided into two partsPart A describes the parameters on which the performance appraisal process is designed in the organisation. The parameters helped the researcher to understand the effectiveness of performance appraisal in the organization. Part B describes the analysis of data. The analysis of data explained in detail the respondent's views about the appraisal system PART A : COMPANY INFORMATION; Following is brief description of the various parameters adopted by the company in order to conduct the formal appraisal system.The appraisal system is conducted twice every year. First, in June and the other in January . The performance appraisal system in the company is conducted on the basis of 5 parameters. 1. Business Acumen 2. People Leadership 3. Effective Communication 4. Executio n 5. Customer Centricity Business Acumen: 1. Business Acumen refers to the ability of the employees to conduct quick and accurate decisions pertaining to the business strategies. Performance appraisal considers Business Acumen as an important tool in analysing the individual's business related activities in the organisation. 40 . People Leadership : People leadership refers to the employees ability to show leadership skills. It also shows whether the employee is able to motivate employees, helps in building up morale of his subordinates. He acts with empathy and ensures better coordination in his team. The company considers this as an important parameter because it helps in knowing the leadership skill of the employee. 3. Effective Communication: Communication is an integral part of every organization. The employee should be having good communication skills. He/she should be able to communicate at all levels. . Execution: Execution is the process where the employee should be able to execute the given task in a specific period of time. Under this parameter, the employee's efficiency and potentiality is considered. His/her prompt reaction to any situation is considered. This parameter also tests an employee's capability to handle work load under pressure. 5. Customer centricity : ‘Customer is the King' . This parameter focuses on the employees way of handling customers. It checks the employee's promptness in handling the customer and his/her ability to make the customer satisfied.The above parameters are calculated with the help of the following 3 point rating chart. 41 3= Outstanding The employee understands his job very well. Performance is exceptionally good and much higher than the standard set up. Clearly understands the key objectives and goals of the organization and achieves them in time. Efficient and prompt. 2= Meet expectations Performance meets the required expectation. May exceed expectations in areas like communication and customer centricity . Good understanding of objectives and goals. = Needs Improvement Performance doesn’t meet the expectation and lacks consistency. Lack of understanding of key objectives and goals. Requires additional training and development sessions. PART B : .ANALYSIS OF DATA The analysis of data was done on the basis of the responses obtained through the interview process. The analysis is done by the respondent's views over the performance appraisal process present in the company. 42 A total of 6 respondents agreed to participate in the research. The interview was designed, taking into consideration the research questions.The interview considered four main aspects, which are as followsA. Performance appraisal process B. Training and development C. Feedback D. Impact of performance appraisal A. Performance appraisal process. The questions designed under this section were to understand the performance appraisal process in the organisation. This would give the researcher, a clearer picture o f the organisational PA process by presenting exact views of the interviewees. Questions under this section: Q 1) Do think it is necessary to have a formal appraisal process in the organisation?Q 2. ) What are your views about the appraisal system in your organization? Responses : Q. 1 ) Do think it is necessary to have a formal appraisal process in the organisation? Yes. We have a formal appraisal process twice a year in June and January where my manager shares the feedback on the goals defined to achieve by the end of given period. ( Respondent no. 1) 43 Yes, it is necessary to conduct a formal appraisal process. It gives a clearer understanding of our objectives and functions and makes us more competent to achieve our goals. ( Respondent No. 2) Yes.I have gone through a formal appraisal process about 10 times since 2002. I feel it an essential part of the organization. We, the employees , know our duties well in the organization ,we know what is expected from us and our target go als are laid down for the coming period. ( Respondent no. 4) Q 2. ) What are your views about the appraisal system in your organization? The appraisal system is very comprehensive as it focuses our accomplishment summary, strengths/growths, improvement and development needs and plans, Training needs and other certifications and potentially career interests.It also rates employees based on people leadership, effective communication and customer centricity. ( Respondent No. 1) I think it’s important to have formal appraisal system. It not only helps you achieve your long-term goals but also helps you understand where you stand in comparison to your colleagues. There will be lot of other hard working people in organization, who will be working towards the same goal or same position that you want, so this process gives you a more clear path, vision as to what you can do differently that will set you apart from other employees.It generates a healthy competition. (Respondent no. 2) 44 The Appraisal System in my organization is well-organized, both from the Performance Capturing viewpoint as well as from the Review and setting up the goals and expectations of an individual. ( Respondent no. 5) It was seen from the above responses that, the employee were generally happy about the current PA process, because it was designed to help them grow and develop in the organisation. It provided them with the necessary guidance to improve their performance and other key skills in the job.The employees stated that it lead to healthy competition amongst the employees. B. Training and Development The second part of the interview focused on the training skills obtained through the appraisal process. The questions were designed to understand if the organization really requires training and development program and whether it is useful for them to grow in the organisation. Questions asked- Q. 1) Do you think a formal appraisal process should include training and development prog rams? Why? 45 Q. 2. ) How did the training and development program of the appraisal process help you?Were you satisfied with it? Q. 1)Do you think a formal appraisal process should include training and development programs? Why? Responses to Q1. Yes, an appraisal process should possess training and development processes, because it helps an individual to work on his/her improvement areas which could be addressed by training in appropriate soft or technical skill-set. For example If an individual lacks delegation of work to its peer sub ordinates, then he can be recommended for ‘Delegation of Authority' training which would enable him to understand the concept and delegate responsibility. Respondent 1) Yes, it’s important to have training and development programs part of appraisal process. It’s important for every employee to understand how the appraisal process works and how are they evaluated. They should be given training so that process is very transparent for them and they understand everything. Also once the appraisal is done and employees have given their improvement areas, it’s important to conduct different development programs to help them work on their improvement areas. (Respondent 4) 46 Yes. The formal appraisal process should include the training and development programs.The main objective of an appraisal process is to showcase where an individual stands from the performance and organization expectations point of view, and what are his development needs and GnOs (Goals and Objectives) for the upcoming year. The Trainings and Development programs help and individual to enhance his abilities and acquire the required skills to meet the expectations/goals set for him by the organization/management and also help his to grow in the organization. (Respondent 3) Q. 2. ) How did the training and development program of the appraisal process help you? Were you satisfied with it?Answers to Q2. The training and development needs were fulfilled in some areas unlikely in certain areas like leadership it was not fulfilled based on project, location and time priorities. It’s a very costlier affair to organize training onsite and hence had to do a lot of self learning and receiving coaching feedback from assigned coaches. (Respondent 2) Yes, I was satisfied with the training and development programs as it helped me to work on my improvement areas. After going through different training and development programs, my Leadership and People management skills improved a lot.This in turn helped me to manage my team more efficiently, by understanding there needs, by motivating them and helping them to achieve their individual goals. This helped us to meet our targets set by the organization and also gave production benefit to the Customer. (Respondent 5) 47 I have attended various programs/training in my career till date. They have always helped me to enhance my abilities and skills . For example, the Six Sigma Green Belt Training and the LEAN Quality Trainings have given me a vision to think about Quality in every task we do and thus improvise the performance.The Coaching Manager and Leadership trainings have helped me to emerge as a better colleague, Team Lead and a mentors to my peers and subordinates. I have been pretty satisfied with these training and would look forward to the opportunities to attend more of them. (Respondent 3) The overall response in this context, was pretty positive. The employees thought that training and development formed an important element in the process. However, one respondent highlighted a different point where training and development was not provided.The training guidelines helped them to understand their organizational objectives and functions well. All the respondents were satisfied with the training and development program because it helped them to enhance their skills in the job. C. Feedback: The questions designed under this section helped to obtain the immediate reaction of the appraisal system. This was required in understanding how the employees feedback is in the organization. These are the following questions: 48 Q 1. What is your immediate response after being appraised? Q. 2.Was your performance discussed in detail? Were any improvements suggested? Q 1. What is your immediate response after being appraised? The responses obtained were as followed: Its always to good to know your strengths and your improvement areas. It provides platform to work on areas for the coming period. (Respondent 2) After appraisal I know what are my strong areas, which sets me apart from others and I have to keep working on that. It also helped me to identify my improvement areas, which I have to focus so that I can grow in the Organization and achieve my goal (respondent 3)This depends upon how the discussion goes along with my managers and appraisers. If the Managers convince me about